528 Journal of the Astatic Society of Bengal. [N.S., XIX, 
The point is settled by the fact ee “of late years the 
plough is pina more extensively used.’ 
Itc nnot be said that the non it of cattle has 
risen a of the respect for the cow or buffalo ; for the Newars 
eat buffalo meat while the Hindu Parbatiyas and Brahmans 
who certainly venerate the cow do not hesitate to use cattle 
for ploughing the fields. 
The only conclusion that can be drawn is that this failure 
to use the cattle-drawn plough for cultivation was originally 
due to ignorance of the process and subsequently kept out by 
strong conservatism and probably also some hostility to the 
initely state that the people of Nepal did not know how to 
cultivate fields with the help of cattle, although at the time 
they were expert metal and woodworkers and otherwise highly 
cultured. 
The strong conservatism of the Newars in the matter of 
employment of cattle in any work is very well shown in other 
matters. Thus cattle are not (i.e. at the time when the 
account of Campbell was written) employed as beasts of 
burden. Campbell considers that the uneven surface of the 
country is scarcely sufficient te excuse their employing mar 
as the only animal of burden. He points out that the rulers 
of the country drive English carriages, while the transport of 
every article in their dominion is made on the backs of men 
and women.’ 
Finally, in Nepal, cattle are not used in driving oilmills as 
in India, a cruder type being worked by human labour. The 
cattle driven mill is almost universally used in India® and the 


See W. rete Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, etc., London, 
1841, My II, Cha 
Shah: iets of. Spine Life, Benares, 1906. Plate 23 gives 
the picture of plough ande 
Millous: Bod Foul Pea: 1906, Chap. IV. Annales du Musée 
Guimet. 
1 D. Wright: ibid., 
2 Ca ampbell : ibid., 5 i. Oldfield however ge bri this view. 
Ibid., Vol. I, p. 98-9. reasons assigned by not however 
he iim 
thie kindof w for the universal non-employment of mids in the eoantey for 
t n ss 
3G. A, Gri rson: Behar Peasant Life, VIL. ne I, Calcutta 1885. 
Hu. Risley : ‘Tribes and Castes of Bengal. § Teli 
W. Crooke : 1'ribes and Castes of N. W. Provi ovinces, Baas 
Rusaelt: a and Seay ed Central Provinces, § Tel 
- Hoey : Monograph on Trade and Manufactures in N. India, p. 191, 
et seq. koe 880. 
urston: Tribes and castes of 8. - India, § Ganiga. 
The exceptions are in Bengal and A 
