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1923. | An Essay on the History of Newar Culture. 531 
third group. No such statements however occur about the 
two others castes. 
As both woe eye and Oldfield claim Bauddha connection 
8 arpness of dc sittfopnued in the several accounts may be 
set down to this last pane one the intervening period. 
At the present time, all the mbers of the third group have 
come largely under the saiuenas of Brahmans, employing them 
jointly with Bandyas, in their ceremonies. If therefore, at 
the beginning of Gurkha dominance certain sections of the 
third group were partially Brahmaniec in their ideas and cus- 
toms, they would tend to be far more Hinduised when the 
other more orthodox sections were only partly influenced. It 
seems to me that something like this happened in the case of 
the above five castes. For three of them, there is definite evi- 
dence from Hodgson that they were partly Brahmanic. even 
before Gurkha influence had been felt a long time. I merely 
suggest that it was so for the two other castes also. It has 
indeed been said before that the Gubhaju’s evidence abont the 
heterodox Buddhists is not so strong as for the two orthodox 
grades. That was, however, in connection with his ignorance of 
certain castes or sections. As he belonged to the priestly 
grade of highest rank, a definite statement from him whether 
a certain caste belongs to his or to the hostile ty ti cannot 
come under the same criticism. In this matter, his evidence 
has undoubted weight. I am therefore of ere that the 
five castes discussed, had more intimate connection with 
Hinduism, than the others of the third grade betore the recent 
rahmanisation set in 
Three castes, not criticised by the Gubhaju, but requiring 
some discussion, are the Kaussah, Ballahmi and Nalli. The 
first appears in Earle’ s list as Khoosal, with the same ame a 
as ie in Oldfi eld. Their Newari name Sawa is oper 
historical list? Hodgson has given Sawa and Khoosa separate. 
The Katha are said to be the principal subcaste * of the Khoosa. 
No other authority has however connected the two together 

' Essays on the Languages, etc., Part II, page | 2 
¥ , Hodgson’ s Manuscript volume: ‘ Institution, Sen: 
he divisions of the Khoosa are described as anyue within each 
soup such endogamous groups are equivalent to subeastes within a 
