een Cale OT CI em a i ed ee ee 
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1923. ] An Essay on the History of Newar Culture, 533 
the washermen at one time ranked with the pure castes. But 
The castes that remain, are the Tamanta, Cheata and 
Chalan of Earle and the additional sections of Jyapoos given 
by Hodgson, but not found in Oldfield’s list. 
The coppersmiths of Earle are not found in any list of 
the third rank of Buddhists, nor in any account of Hindu 
_ Castes The only other mention of them, is in the historical 
lists where Hodgson describes them as a mixture of Bauddhas 
and Hindus. There are however Uda coppersmithis, as well as 
Banra sections of the same, and it may be that Karle’s 
Tamots are merely some of these professionals who returned 
themselves as Hindus following the trade of coppersmiths. 
In the case of the historical lists, Lévi does not at all mention 
Udas or Banras and it cannot be argued who his Tamrakaras 
are. Hodgson indeed describes both the Bauddha groups but 
for reasons given (App. E), too much reliance cannot be placed 
on those tables in the absence of corroboration. 
n as the Gout of 
k falls within the pro- 
It seems however scarcely 
likely that there should be numerous sections of Jyapoos for 
burning the bodies of high caste Newars. The distinction in 
Hodgson’s list is nominal, as intermarriage and commensality 
is allowed, and both belong by traditional descent, to the 
same group. The Cheata are, therefore, probably the same as 
this particular section of Jyapoos ; they may have of course 
changed into a definite caste outside Nepal. 
The Chalan follow a profession similar to that of the 
Kahabhojas, and are probably the same people. Absence of 
further definite information precludes their acceptance as a 
work, the ruder and simpler work of collecting firewood. All 
