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21. Some Notes on Urdu Grammar. 
By Lievt.-Cotonet D. C. Painitortr, F.A.S.B., Secretary, 
Board of Examiners. 
The following points of Urdu grammar appear to have 
ee the notice of grammarians :— 
The precative viele be the Imperative (Sas45 kijiyega) 
is Dott masculine and fe 
2. While the verb ty Tahal suffixed to the Conjunctive 
Participle of transitive or intransitive verbs, signifies ‘to do after 
effort or determination’ (vide Hind. Man.), its ‘future suffixed to 
the root of an intransitive verb indicates indefinite time —‘‘ some 
time or other.’’ Fath ho-hi-kar rahegi Ss) 55 2 92 e means 
victory is certain,’’? but fath ho-hi sakes skid) (sb " m 
victory will be ours some time or other.’ 
3. The shortened form of the Conjunctive ae 
indicates haste. Thus in bS,a 1365 fF Ly) emo Kigdi 
wuh kham thonk mujh se larne ko khara ho-gaya, the rie 
form thonk, indicates more haste than thonk-kar would. 
The finite verb, too, after the shortened or hasty form, 
must be compound, or intensive, or separated from the 
participle by other words, as: Main salam kar champat huwa (but 
not the simple verb, bhaga, (‘Fly not) tye “sem 5S — wer; wuh 
sir jhuka baith-gaya (not baitha), (les not) ug Gdas Kym yoo By ; 
wuh lathi le mere pichhe daura \jys meP4s yr 2 os) %y ; not 
wuh lathi le daura, though lathe le daur-gaya might be used. It 
ce be noticed that in the Imperative, the case is reversed, 
: Rott kha @,o, and not kha a-ja,o; if the final verb is to be 
gia phntts. you must say khakar (jaldi) a-ja,0. 
4. The repetition of an adjective is not merely intensive 
as indicated in the grammars, thus ow t,* gs) cs dhei thandi 
thandt hawa,en does not mean “ very cool breezes,”” but 
‘¢ pleasantly cool breezes.” Examples :— 
(a) £2) 3 see 3 see chhote chhote larke, ‘‘ various, or many 
small, or very small children ’’ (according to the tone of voice) ; 
here the repetition would usually indicate plurality only, 
—as also in uski chhoti chhoti ankhen hain, ‘it has small eyes ’ 
(or very small eyes). 
