Vol. Me r 9.] Ethnography of the Bashahr State. 545 
(9) The Shonetang (fr. Sanskrit Shravandrchana, mean- 
ing ‘ worship of Sawan’) is celebrated in Gramang or Kathgaoh 
dozen young men, taking with them cooked food for three 
days, go out to gather wild flowers and plants from the loftiest 
peaks. They pass two nights there, collecting various 
kinds of wild flowers and plants, and on their return they are 
received with joyous music by the villagers. The garland 
which they bring from the forest is offered to the deity, and 
they then, together with women, dance and sing songs. 
0) The Lamé-paza, a Buddhist religious rite observed in 
Labrang village, Shawa pargand, on the amawas o ait. e 
lamds and zamos devote themselves to the worship of the deity 
called Chhdkoling Dambar, while dancing and singing are per- 
formed by men and women with great rejoicings. 
11) The Jagro (fr. Sanskrit Jagarana, a vigil) is also a 
religious ceremony, observed throughout the Kanawar valley 
on the 20th of Bhado. The night is spent in singing and 
dancing to music, and the worship of the deity is performed in 
all the temples. 
A list of the fairs held in Kandwar, with a brief description 
of each. 
(1) Lésar, or New Year’s Day, is observed at K4nam for 
three days, from Paush shudi 13th till the full moon of Paush. 
All the people assemble to ask the Jémds about their gains and 
losses during the coming year, It is the most characteristic 
fair of the Kandwar valley. Feasts are given to friends and re- 
latives, but dancing by men and women to music is the chief 
function. 
(2) The Kangyur-z4lmo (fr. Kangyur, library and zalmo, 
a visit) takes place on the 15th gaté of Har (Ashérh) at Ka- 
nam. People visit the Tibetan Library called Kaéngyur-tang- 
yur, in the large village of Kanam. 
3) The Menthaké fair also takes place at Kanam village 
on the 20th gaté of Bhaédo (August) and lasts two days. The 
chief event at this fair is a pony-race, feasting, drinking, danc- 
ing to music and singing. 
4) The Khwakcha fair takes place at Kanam village and 
lasts for 5 days from the 20th gaté of Magh, ending on the 25th 
of the month. The nights are passed in dancing and singing to 
music before the temple of the deity called Dabla. 
(5) The Ganga fair takes place in Changmang forest above 
Lipp4, a village in the Shiw4 pargand on the full moon of 
Katik. Men, women and children climb up to the Changmang 
forest, and eating, drinking, dancing and singing songs are fea- 
tures of the festival. ; ant 
(6) The Jokhyé-kushimig and Jokhy4-chhugshimig at 
