734 Journal oj the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [December, 1911. 
He, however, makes a mistake in suggesting that Kadphises is 
only a title, a mistake which shows how carefully he has 
weighed the evidence; it will be seen that the word used gener- 
ally in connection with the name Kadphises, namely Kanishka, 
is really the title. 
Much of the evidence usually quoted with regard to 
the Kushan Kingdom has been drawn from coins, and coins as 
contemporary evidence are of the highest value. More than 
ther human documents their evidence has to be read with 
caution, largely on account of the necessarily condensed or 
abbreviated character of the inscriptions rendering the meaning 
doubtful, even when the lettering is distinct. The early Kushan 
coins are acasein point. As originally read, the inscription on the 
most important of these coins was as follows, in Greek letters : — 
PAONANOPAOKOPANO or PAONANOPAOKANHPKI- 
KOPANO, and as the Yuehti were presumed to be a Turkish 
people, the language was supposed to be some as yet unnoticed 
form of Turki. Further investigations showed that the letter 
but still under the mistaken presumption that they were dealing 
with Turkish tribes little could be discovered. As shown above, 
the presumption rather was that these inscriptions would be 
Greek or Getic, but little was to be got from either. The name 
Kushan applied to the country of the invaders, however , reason- 
ably supplies a meaning for the last part of the legend as an ad- 
jectival form of Kushan, and naturally then there would be along- 
side it some word denoting king or kingdom. Unfortunately there 
existed a very late (13th century) work called the Raja Gandhary4, 
and this work spoke of three brothers—Kanishka, Hushka, and 
Jushka—having occupied in succession the Indo-Skythian throne. 
without any manipulation of the preserved letters, the abbrevia- 
tions. The title adopted from the previous Parthian occupation - 
was (K)Sha(tra)onam (K)Sha(tr)o,—-so that we are justified in 
Shahs, fegot K re hatra, Kyniska Koshano,—Shah of 
