Geographical Notice oj T'vbet. 5 
country being in an unsettled state, the Cashmirian merchants 
afterwards preferred that through Lé, in Ladak, although it is 
very circuitous, 
The people of Lhopdto or Bhutan, on account of their 
language, religion, and political connexion, belong to Tibet. 
But in their customs and manners they have adopted much from 
the Indians. They are more clean in their dresses and houses 
than the other Tibetan races. The men are of a martial spirit, 
like those of K’ham-yul, with whom they are said to have much 
resemblance in their character. The people of Bhutan speak 
a corrupt dialect of the Tibetan language ; but there are several 
religious establishments, a great many books, and some 
religious persons are well acquainted with the Tibetan language 
and literature. They are Buddhists of the sect called in Tibet 
Brukpa (vulg. Dukpa). They adopted this kind of Buddhism 
in the 17th century of our era, when Ndk-Vang Nam-gyel, a 
Lama of great respectability, leaving 7'sdng in middle Tibet, 
established himself in Bhutan. There are counted now about 
Ma-pham yu-ts’ho (Mansarovara), in Nari, is the most consider- 
able, of a circumference of about one and a half day’s journey. 
In U-tséng, the Ydrbrokyu-ts’ho, Mu-le-sgrum ts’ho, and Nam- 
ts’ho ch’hukmo are likewise of great extent. There are many 
others of inferior rank or less compass ; as, that of Ld-ndg to the 
west of Ma-p’ham. From Ridok (near Ladak) to the east or 
south-east, there are many salt lakes. 
MEDICINAL OR MINERAL WATERS. —Between U and 7's’ang 
there are some hot springs, used in curing cutaneous diseases 
and the gout. But such hot springs are numerous in the moun- 
tains lying east from the Ma-p’ ham lake ; especially at one place 
there isa hole out of which continually issues vapor, and at certain 
intervals, hot water is ejected with great noise to the height of 
Minzs.—Mines are rarely excavated in Tibet. In the 
northern part of Néri, and in Gugé, some gold dust is gathered, 
d lead. 
Petrifactions are found at many places in Tibet, especially 
in Nari. the 2nd and 3rd range of the Himalaya mountains, 
there are several sorts of them. SAlgréms and shells are found 
