INTRODUCTION. 696 



J&tu, I am more doubtful, but I have compiled it chiefly to 

 aid in the identification of a word whose meaning, but not its 

 exact form, has been grasped on first hearing. I am indebted 

 for much assistance to Munshi Diwan Chand, Settlement 

 Kanungo, without the aid of whose quick ear I should have 

 been at a loss to render the spoken language correctly. 



July 20, 1910. 



E. Joseph. 



PART L 



Grammatical Notes 



1- Notation and pronunciation. 



The alphabet employed is the ordinary Nagri, and the 

 system of transliteration employed is in almost every case 

 that which is adopted in every Hindi grammar or dictionary. 

 The only points calling for remark are that ' n * is used both 

 for «r and m ; that the nasalized vowel which is symbolized in 

 Hindi by the addition of a dot over the vowel affected is 

 written by me as n ; that the ng of the English word sing is 

 represented by w and transliterated by ng ; that n is transliter- 

 ated by sh ; that *r has not been employed. 



I have not attempted to try and express the sound of the 

 language by taking any further liberties with the alphabet. 

 Minute variations in the value of different letters between Jatu 

 and Urdu can only be acquired by first-hand acquaintance. 



The most marked characteristic of the speech is its 

 broadness. Almost every initial a becomes a ; achha becomes 

 achha ; it is almost more than this, for the language is spoken 

 with a drawl and aachha more nearly represents the sound. The 

 same characteristic is often observed in non-initial 'a ' sounds ; 



*.?., 



< < 



wr^i 



written it; yet it is not quite that, that being the sound of 

 the words that mean ■ time ' or c death ' and ' famine/ 



Similarly jamna, c to be born/ becomes array jAmua; 





Even other vowels than 'a' undergo this change, e.g., 

 pichhe, ' behind, ' is in Jatu vt$ pachhe. Similar changes in the 

 direction of broad speech may be seen in the use of «%ff siidha = 

 ' simple/ for sidhd and «3nf— uthna = ' to get up,' for uthni. 



Another change that is sometimes observed is that of r 

 into 1 as ^t khala, • standing/ for khara. 



A. Declension of the Substantive. 



L Suffixes. 



§ 2. The termination of the agent case is % ne ae in 

 Urdu, and of the genitive wi ka, declining as in Urdu. 



