Vol. VI, No. 12, 1910.] Jatu Glossary. 705 



[N.S.] 



Past. 



Same as Urdu, with the exception that the feminine plural 

 is often *ft thi as singular, and not iflf thin. 



§ 19. The Indefinite Present Tense, 



This tense never takes the Urdu form, which is compound- 

 ed of the imperfect participle and the present Auxiliary Verb. 

 e.g., main karta hun. 



The only exception to this rule appears to occur in the 



negative phrase ^ ir^f srrwrr, main nahin j^nta, which is prob- 

 ably an introduction from Urdu. 



The present tense is either 



(a) The aorist alone. 



(b) The aorist compounded with the present auxiliary. 



Thus ' I am doing it ' is ^ ^ ^ main karun sun or ^ 



^ main karun ; " We are going " is ^? ^*rf *f, ham chalari sari 



r ^w ^ff ham chalari, just as in Urdu ' I am going ' is main 



jata hun or main jata. This tense has the indefinite value of 

 the Urdu main jata hun = c I am going.' 



§ 20. The Definite Present Tense. 



To avoid the possible futurity of the above tense, and to 

 indicate that the action is at the moment of speech in course 



of fulfilment the compound tense formed from the root of tin 



verb, combined with the past participle of T^TT rahna, and 

 the present auxiliary verb, is employed. 



Singular. Plural. 



* *^ f^r ^. main kar riha sun <?* *X ft% W- ham kar rihe sari 



rV^T #, tu kar riha se. jfff ** ftV 9T 



*W ^ fkxr t, oh kar riha se. * WX ft% % we kar rihe sen. 

 = 1 (etc.) am actually doing it now. 



Note.— If the auxiliary is omitted, the present significance 

 is changed to a perfect, e.g., tt <*T fr*T oh a riha means not 

 ' he is coming,' but ' he has come.' 



§21. The Future. , JJ .^. ... 



The future is formed, as in Urdu, by the addition of the 



fleclinable suffix *t ga to the aorist. It follows that the first 



*r* 



— _ w~ -m m — ^ _ / 



§ 22. The Past Imperfect. 



Just as the indefinite present is compounded of the 

 auxiliary present and the aorist, and not as in Urdu of the 

 auxiliary present and the imperfect participle, so the past 

 imperfect is compounded of the auxiliary past and the aonst, 



