708 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [Extra No, 



. (1) Uses of the Past Participle. 



This is sometimes used when Urdu would employ the 

 inflected infinitive, e.g., 



nx xfre. mare pachhe = After death. 



^ 3 *i% ^ h ^TW 3^, us ne gaye ne kai sal hue = how many 



years is it since lie went ? 



(2) A contingent future is formed by repeating the aorist 

 with a negative, e.g. r 



If qrerfqrc «r ^^, main karuri kih na karuri = I may do it 

 perhaps ; perhaps not. 



(3) The verb w*n lena, added to the root of an intran- 

 sitive verb itself becomes intransitive, and gives the meaning 

 of completed action, e.g., 



Tt fwim, ho liya^it is finished. 

 ^T f^TOT, a liya = be has come. 



(4) The verb Tmm rakhna is idiomatically used as an 

 intensive where Urdu employs dena ; e.g. , ' to present a peti- 

 tion ' is arzi de-rakhna ; ' to sow cotton ' is bari bo-rakhna ; bhej 

 rakhna, to send ; khol rakhna, to open. 



(5) The past tense of the verb v%*n rahna is used in the 

 common phrase ^fr? fr^l ' oh riha ' as ' there it is,' " voila. 



(6) An inversion of the common form of the past tense is 

 most idiomatic ; e.g., " ^>? firor *nc oh giya mar " for ' oh mar 

 giya' 'he died.' The phrase is very vivid but not used for 

 special emphasis. 



(7) In the imperative it is common to combine both 

 negatives , i.e. , the prohibitive *r?r with the negative *n " ** ^ 



^T%^fr mat na chaliyo," " don't you go.' 1 



(8) The past tense of the verb " ^zm baithna to sit is 

 used idiomatically for ' failed,' ' ceased ' ' gave up,' e.g., a man 

 whose sight is failing will say of his eyes ' • ^tsr t f 3 ft% * 

 dekhan te baith rihe sen." Of a tree which is dying it will be 



said • w« ^r**l ft t* ft^T t rukh hoan te baith riha se, " " foe 

 tree is ceasing to be, drying up." 



> > 



The Passive Voice. 



, a 26. The passive voice is formed exactly as in Urdu, 

 subject to the modifications of form already dealt with, e.g.,— 



"lam being beaten" is not main mara jata nun, but 



^ *?T*rf ^TI« ^, main marya jaun sun. 



The best rule for the use of the passive is, however, to 

 avoid It wherever possible, e.g., instead of saying "the tree 

 was blown down by the wind ' ' the Jat will either say ' tnj 

 wind blew the tree down ' or more nrobablv ' the tree fell 



down from the wind 



passive 



m such phrases as t *r*f frrar, main marya 



