1922.] Madra. 265 
satraps of Mathura ' who imitate the coins of the Stratos prob- 
ably extinguished the Euthydemean line. 
After the Scythians Madra probably passed into the con- 
trol of the Parthian kings, who ruled in the lst century A.D. 
After their rule Panjab was gradually annexed by Wima 
ee ees the king of another horde of casteless barbarians, viz. 
the Yue i. How Jong the Kushanas controlled Madra we 
are not sure; but their rule over Madra must have ended early 
in the 4th century A.D. From Ptolemy* who wrote in c. 150 
A.D. it appears that the immediate possession of the Sakala 
region was held by the Pandoouoi identified by McCrindle 
with the Pandavas. 
After the Great Kushanas the Madras must have asserted 
theirindependence. For next we hear of them in the Allahabad 
Pillar Inscription of Samudra Gupta (ce. 330-375 A.D.) as an 
autonomous frontier tribe ‘‘ giving all (kinds of) taxes and 
obeying (his) orders and coming to perform obeisance.”’ The 
‘‘ Madrakas”’ probably formed at this period a tribal republic 
and as such are differentiated in the inscription from the list 
of frontier kings and countries and associated with the Mala- 
vas, Arjundyanas, Yaudhéyas. Abhiras, Prarjunas, Sanakani- 
kas, Kakas, Kharparikas and other tribes. 
Madra remained under the Gupta power till the che 
iy 
power. Hiuen Tsang informs us that‘ some centuries ago’ a 
king called Mo-hi-lo-kiu-lo (Mahira or Mihira-kula) established 
his authority in the town of She-kie-lo (Sakala) and ruled over 
India. He was quick of intellect and naturally brave and 
subdued all the neighbouring provinces without exception+ 
The founder of the Huna kingdom of Madra was probably 
Toramana the father of Mibirakula and a leader of the Huna 
invaders. His date is established by his synchronism with Dha- 
nyavishnu the brother of Matrivishnu. His rule extended to 
Arikina Vishaya in Malwa after Budha Gupta (485-86 A.D).° 
Sakala to Malwa passed to his son Mibirakula. From the 
testimony of Hiven T'sang it is apparent that Mihirakula was 
a very powerful prince. He must have ruled at ent fifteen 
years and his dominion included the Gwalior region.’ East o 
this however he could not proceed. The Parivrajaka Maha- 
rajas the feudatories of the Guptas seemed to have successfully 
withstood the onslaught of the Hina from Central India. 


The family of Rafijubula. 
Geography of Ptolemy. Ind. Ant. Vol. XIII, pp- 349-340. 
Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, P. 14 
Beal, ” Buddhist Records Vol. I, pp. 167-1 
Fleet, Corpus Inacripiionum Indicarum, p ob. 90 and160, 
62. 
Ana eA KH 
