1922.j-°: - A Dialect of Modern Awadhi. 311 
Like the dir. in the singular, the obl. in the plural is in a 
few expressions used as an instrumental, e.g. tum hamka lathin 
mareu—you struck me with sticks. 
§ 22. The obl. is formed from the dir. by adding 
(a) -an if me noun ends in a consonant or U, e.g cor : 
coran, gau: gawar 
b) -n if Be noun ends in other vowels fshorten ing, a 
vowel, if it is long, before the termination), e.g. tarwari : 
tarwarin, diya : diyan, ghost: ghosin, Hindi: Hindun. 
Other Cases. 
§ 23. There is a Specks case for the vocative plural. It 
is formed by adding -aw to a noun ending in a consonant (e.g 
kaharaw ré) or -u to a noun ending i in a vowel (shortening. it t 
it is long), e.g. meharuau ri. This case is, however, rarely 
employed. The ect ré (masc.) and ri (fem.) are often 
added after the full form 
m. and acc. es in -ai occurs in some words, €.g. 
barsai (years), spar (books), bajarat (market s). 
n instrumental ending in -en is found in such 
adverbial Fe IE as piyasen, bhukhen, daren (out of thirst, 
hunger or fear) alone, e.g. ham piyasen maré jail’ hai—we are 
dying out of thirst; 6¥ followed oy mare, e.g. wui daren mare 
bhag gayé—he fled away out of 
26. A case expressing ie towards and ending in 
-a is found in such usages as bajarat gaye—went to the 
market. sone gharai, madarsai, gawat. 
27. cative ending in -2 is found in duéaré (outside, 
on the door), sande (before, in front). These are used without 
the postposition. Ghamz,kamé, caumas@, sapné and others are 
generally employed with the postposition. 
Form. 
§ 28. Many nouns have two forms: one short and the 
other long, e. g. naddi : nadiya, ghora : ghorawa, nau: na nauwa, 
nauni: nauniya, kahar: kaharwa. Some nouns have only what 
seems to be the long form. e.g. bilaiya : cf. Hin. bill, debiya : 
cf. Hin. dibbi. They have lost the short form 
short form is more generally eos ‘The lo ong one is 
used only familiarly and is never used of oe It is also 
used in calling the younger, e.g. babua, nauwa 
Emphatic | Forms. 
§ 29. ‘To denote the sense of also (inclusive) -aw is add- 
ed to a noun dir. or obl. if it ends in a consonant o rin -u- and 
raeetnuiess amt maa ant 


1 Em ¢ added to s (Chap. V § 63), 
adjectives RChap. Int, T, 3.43) oarnaiglos and ives (Chap. VII § 133) as 
well. 
