330 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [N.S , XVIII, 
Transitive and Intransitive. 
§ 94. Verbs are either trans. or intrans. Some trans. 
V 
verbs can, however, be also intrans., e.g. khab—to eat, gawab 
—to sing Similarly some intrans. verbs can be also trans., €.g. 
haisab—to laugh at 
§ 95. The intrans. verb, e.g. marab (to die) differs from 
the trans., e.g dékhab in the Past Indic. and Perf. Part. as 
shown below :— 
Past Indicative. 
sg. masc. sg. fem. pl. masc. pl. fem. 
maret marit maren 
mara mart mareu mariu 
mara mart maré mart 
Note.—mara, mart sometimes are employed in the Ist sg. 
also. 
Perfect Participle. 
The perfect pane has four forms: (a) in -@ (e.g. mara) 
used as masc. sg ; (4) in -@ (e.g. maré) used as mase. pl. ; (¢) in 
+ (e.g. mari) used as fem. sg. and pl. and (d) in-en (e.g. 
maren) a common nade alternative form of Ist pl. 
General Rules of Conjugation. 
§ Subject to the general rules given below.all tran- 
sitive roots are conjugated like dékhab and intransitive like 
mara 
§ 97. All roots ending inr,/ or n a elide initial 
-@ or -a of terminations e.g man- + ati = nat or mant', 
§ 98 Intrans. roots which contain a long syllable (eg. 
lag-, baith-. sarma-) optionally elide the terminations -@ and -é 
and substitute * for i (in fem. sg) of the Perf. Part. and Past 
Indic., e g. laga: lag, ba. thé: haith. lagi : lag’, baitha: ba ith’. 
lote. —roots in -4 before accepting the above change 
insert n- in between the root and the termination, e.g. sarma@nd : 
sarman, sarmani : sarman 
. Trans. roots in -a-, -@- and -é- add -w- before @ 
termination with initial a- or @- (e.g. kurawat' kurawa; baja- 
wat’, najawa ; khéwal’ khéwa) and snbstitute u- for initial a- 
(e.g kurauil, sp tess _kheuti) ; Pres Indic. 2nd pl. ends in © 
side -au, eg 
§ 100. rian roots in -a- ond -a- add -w- before @ 
termination with initial -@ (eg hhawa, gawa, sarmawa) and 
combine final @ 0: tle root with initial -a- or -a- of termina: 
tions (eg sama‘, sarmai) he however, add -w- before 
-aiya (eg sary awiiya) 
Note. — All intrans. roo's in 7 except monosvllabic ones 
(e.g. na—to pour, 4 to cone) 1 nally insert -n- between the 



