1922.] A Dialect of Modern Awadhi. 331 
root and a termination of the Past Indic. and Perf. Part, e.g. 
sarmana: sarmawa, dekhani: dekhai, lonaneu: londeu, but 
nNawa, Nat, naeu. 
. All roots in -i combine their -i with i- or 9- of 
dissyllabic terminations into, €.g. jt + att = pili, jt + that = 
jihad; but ji + ib = jiid, ji + iti = jiit’, 
§ 102. All roots in -w combine their final -u with initial 
a- or u- of terminations into @, e.g. chu + alt = chilli, chu + u 
= chu. 
§ 103. All roots in -d substitute u- for a- of terminations, 
€.g.76 + att = rout. 
Irregular Verbs. 
§ 104. kar- (karab—to do) has an alternative root kih- for 
! es Indic. Perf. and Passive Participles (e.g. kihé) ; conj. part. 
8 kai. 
i 
a- (awab—to come) takes -w- before a termination with 
di 
lyahat léba, léib 
lyahai lyahau 
let lyahat 
Similarly de—-: conj. part. lai and dai respectively. For the 
rest all roots are regularly conjugated. 
PASSIVE VOICE. 
§ 105. The active voice is more generally used than the 
passive. If the latter is used it mostly lays emphasis either 
on the object of the active construction (e.g. sab dakiu 
maddaré jaihat-—now all the robbers will be killed) or its attri- 
bute (e.g. ya dhol phiti janat' hai——this drum appears to be 
broken) or on the action itself (e.g. mai sé cillawa nai jal’ hai 
—— I cannot cry out), It almost always ignores the agent 
which if expressed is given only a secondary importance in a 
en i lly expressed by combining 
106. The passive is genera Pp 7 
the oro et 2 with the forms of jab—to go. There are 
three forms of this participle: (a) in-@(masc. sg.); (6) in- é 
