332 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [(N.S., XVIII, 
(masc. pl.) ; (c) in -2 (fem. sg. and pl.). Fer Reneninle the forms 
of Passive Present Indicative of dé@kha 
sg. masc. sg. fem. pl. masc. pl. fem. 
dekha jaa dekht jau déekhé jai dekhi jat 
dékha jar dekha jar déekhé jau dékht jau 
dékha jai dekhi jar dekhé jai dekht jar 
] The impersonal passive of intrans. verbs is formed 
by combining form (a) in -@ of the pass. part with the forms 
f jab, e.g mai sé khawa nai jar hai—lI ene eat, tum sé 
tharh tharh dékha jat' hai hit s° jawa nai jat' 
standing from there but you cannot go from 
N 

re. 
ote.—This construction expresses ability or inability of 
the agent to do an ac 
§ 1 A kind of intrans. passive is formed sometimes by 
adding -a@ to certain trans. roots and then conjugating them 
like intrans. roots, e.g. yi admi andha dekhat' hai—this man 
seems to be blind, yu tamasa pache s° —— tana dekhat‘ hai—this 
show can — well be seen from be 
Note 1.—This construction is cued only with a definite 
number of verbs—those which denote perception or knowledge, 
e.2. igcontin be seen or to appear, suna@b—to be heard, janab 
—to seem. 
No ote. 2—The same construction applies in the case of 
denominative verbs, e.g. lonab—to taste saltish, mithab—to 
taste sweet, khatab—to appear to be sour, hariyab—to become 
green. 
Note 3.—Termination -@ is common both to this construe- 
tion and to the causative; but the former is conjugated as an 
intrans. root, the latter as a trans. one. 
109. A common periphrastic passive is formed by using 
the forms of a@wab—to come, after the loc. of the inf. and the 
gen. of the agent if eguacees. e.g. 10 ya bat tumharé sunai ma 
awai—if this is heard by 
§ 110. Another passive sometimes used is formed by 
combining the simpl- conj. part. with parab—to fall, e.g. ats 
sunipart’ hai ki pancha bars badi larai phiri sé hor—it is heard 
(i.e. men say) that war will again break out after five or six 
years. 
111. The passive participial adjective takes the ordinary 
terminations of the adjectives, e.g. dékh—masc. dir., dekhé— 
masc. obl., dékhi—fem. dir., dékhi—fem. obl. For instance 
yt cbieagen hamiir dekh hai—this show is one that I have al- 
ready se 
Causative. 
§ 112. A causative is generally formed by adding -@ to 
a simple root and then conjugating it like the regular trans- 
root in -@-, e.g. hisab: hisawab, khab : khawawab. 

