1922.] A Dialect of Modern Awadhi. - 333 
113. There are some verbs, abhor which form their 
causative by modifying the vowel of the root :— 
(1) bv ity Meron it, e.g. pasar-: pasar-, ukhar-: ukhar-, 
nikar-: nikar-, khic : khie-. Similarly badh.. oe mar-, kat- ; 
(2) by cheapie i and u into 2 and o respectively, e.g. 
ruk-: rok-, khul-: khol-, ghur-: ghor-, jur-: jor 
(3) some verbs modify a consonant as — as the vowel, 
e.g. phat-: phar-, chit-: chor, jut: jor-, phiit-: phor-, tut-: tor- 
ohal: ghor-, bik-: béc-, rah-: rakh-. 
ote.—All these (except nikar- : nikar- > mar-, ruk- : 
rok-, rah-: rakh-) are sets of arsenate pots ‘rather than 
simple- causative, e.g. katab—to a cut, katab—to cut, birwa 
kati gawa hai—the tree has been 
A double causative is ue by adding -wa to the 
simple causative and then conjugere it like ordinary trans. 
roots in -a-, e.g. haisdwab: haisawawab. Roots in -a@-, é- and -0- 
(which add -wa to form the ante causative) do not take any 
termination to form the double causative. Their simple and 
double causatives coincide, e.g. khawa-, sarmawa-, léwa-, rowa-. 
115 ere a double causative exists the simple one 
is used generally when the remote agent actively helps the 
immediate agent to do the action, e.g. gopal rammu pant 
piyais'—Gopal caused Rammi to drink water (i.e. Gopal ac- 
tively helped Rammi—perhaps by giving him water) ; and the 
double if the remote agent does not actively help but only 
directs the action to be done, e.g. gopal kallu s° rammu ka pani 
piyawais'—Gopal directed Kalla to cause Rammi to drink 
water. In other words, while there are only two agents with 
a simple causative, there are at least three for a double one. 
Note 1.—The difference between the two causatives is not 
generally eg ta however, and either can be used. 
ot 2.—Verbs which form the causative by rap 
the vowel have in effect four forms, e.g., kat-: kat-: kata 
katawa-. 
Compound Verbs. 
os Compound verbs are more commonly used than 
simple verbs and they express various shades of meaning. 
There are three different forms of the principal verb with 
which other verbs are So ee 
(a) the ner conj. pa in -1, €.g. girt para. 
(6) the obl. inf. in ae ne girai déu. 
(c) the ie pass. part. in -4, e.g, gira karau. 
§ 117. Form (a) is combined with 
(1) jab, cukab, léb and darab to express definite stg at 
burnt down, jab mai khai cukai—when I finish dining, es 
mai kasi ai lea tab tum hua s° jayeu—you can leave when | 
