162 I1.8.C. Proceedings of the Ninth [N.S., XVIII, 
to have been ruling tribes and Kawars and Binjhwars even at 
present own large landed estates. Only Korkus alone did not 
possess their own raj, but they appear to be a later off-shoot 
from the parental stock which was dominant in Chutiya Nag- 
r. 
I would now try to sum up the inference I have drawn 
from the study of these tribes in Central India, and submit to 
you for consideration whether they can stand the anthropolo- 
gical test Except Sir Herbert Risley, who denies any racial 
difference between Kolarians and Dravidians and the followers 
of his school, others have hitherto recognized three primary 
stocks in the Indian population, viz. the Kolarian, the Dravi- 
dian and the Aryan, and those who maintain that all the three 
came from outside, aver their immigration in the order named, 
Kolarians entering first from the south-east and sweeping over 
North-West who drove the Kolarians to the hills and forests and 
were themselves finally hunted out by the Aryans to take re- 
fuge in similar places. In my view the Dravidians were the 
autochthones of the Indian Peninsula, even when it was cut 
off from the north of Asia by sea, and if the Kolarians were 
not the autochthones of the then South Asia or the present 
Upper India, they may have entered North India via Malay 
and Assam, and swept over Northern India, dominating it till 
they were ousted by the Aryans. This would explain the 
somewhat curious fact, why the Kolarian tribes who have for- 
gotten their primitive tongue speak an Aryan dialect and 
never a Dravidian one. Had Kolarians been ousted by the 
tween Aryans and Non- Aryans, the former were classed as Sud 
(Sudhan) that is the pure, the latter as Kol, the impure, liter- 
ally swine, and by other uncomplimentary terms.” I do not 
know whence this has been taken, but it seems to prove that 
the first tribes they encountered were those whom they named 
as Kols, and these must be those who still bear that name and 
its variants. How could the Dravidians who never received 
that name from the Aryans be included under that name ! 
The tribes that came in contact with are Bhils, Sawars, Kols 
Sanskrit literature, but there is no trace of a single Dravidian 
tribe having been defeated by the Aryans in Upper India. 
have certainly come in contact first with the Dravidians, an 
it is the Dravidians whom they would have called Kols and 
