1922.] The Sources of Jami’s Nafahat. 401 
Najahat consists of extracts from a work which apparently is 
no longer extant. It wasa collection of sayings and teachings 
of an eminent Sufic saint of the VII[c. A.H., Ruknu’d-Din 
‘Alau’d-Dawla Samnani, edited by his disciple Amir Iqbal 
Sistani (see pp. 483 and 504). Jami often refers to it merely 
mentioning the name of ‘Alau‘d-Daula. The title only is 
referred to on pp. 545, 644 and 685. As no copy of this work 
is accessible, it is impossible to identify Jami‘s borrowings 
in detail, but, roughly speaking, all ‘the biographical notices 
463-505 have some connection with it, perhaps also Nos. 320- 
323, 538, 563, whilst in the former section Nos. 469, 483, 484, 
are doubtful, and Nos 488-494, as we have seen, may have 
been extracted by Jami directly from the Mandagibu'‘l-‘arifin. 
This work, /gbaliyya, contains much interesting information, 
judging from Jami’s extracts, and its recovery would be of the 
greatest use to students of the spiritual life of Persia. 
Ill. Lataif-i-Ashrafi dar biyan-i-tawaif-i-sifi, composed 
about the middle, or in the second half, of the VIlic aan 
India, by Nizdmu’d-Din Gharib Yamani, a disciple of Sayyid 
Ashraf Jahangir Samnani (d. circa 840 A.H./1436 A.D.), and 
based chiefly on the sayings and the instruction of this saint.! 
This bulky work contains a great deal of biographical material, 
usually based on the works of Yafii, Ibnu’l-‘Arabi, even 
Ansari’s Tabagit, and perhaps on some other sources which 
have not come down to us. It is impossible to be certain that 
Jami really used this book, because he does not mention its 
title or the author’s name. But there is an important section, 
Nos. 565-577, dealing with the biographies of the famous 
Persian Sufic poets, the text of which, on collation, literally 
corresponds to the portion of Lataif, dealing with the same 
subject. 
As no earlier work, from which these biographies may 
have been taken by both, can be suggested at present, the only 
conjecture which remains is to think that Jami really borrowed 
them from Nizamu’d-Din Gharib. 
Besides these principal sources Jami probably perused 
occasionally the material found in the well-known Arabic 
rks on Sufism. But sometimes he gives extracts from some 
Rizbihan al-Baqli (p. 288), as well as from compositions of 
other writers, ‘Izzu‘d-Din Muhammad Kashi (whose whole 
u . 
biography, No. 503, consists apparently of quotations from 

___} See Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian MSS , vol I, p. 412. He MSS. 
tions only extracts from this work, on page 1042, but complete MSS. 
of it exist in the library of A.S.B. (E 166) and in the Bahar collection, 
Imperial Library, Caleutta (No. 175 of the Catalogue). 
