40 THE STATE IN EELATION TO FORESTRY. 



time as necessity arises. Before the State is justified to interfere, 

 and thus to impose restrictions in the management of the forests, 

 certain conditions must be fulfilled, such as : — 



(1) The object to be reahsed must be of public importance. 



(2) The advantages to be derived from the restrictions must be 



greater than the disadvantages caused thereby. 



(3) The realisation of the object must be assured, without any 



other cheaper way being available. 



(4) Compulsion should be resorted to only if private efforts are 



unable to reahse the object aimed at. 



(5) Owners who are subject to loss or curtailment of rights 



should be compensated. 

 The measures to be taken against threatening dangers differ 

 much. In some cases it suffices to insist on the maintenance of 

 existing forests, and to prevent their devastation ; in other cases 

 the afforestation of bare lands may be necessary. The division of 

 protection forests should be subject to State sanction. If the 

 number of proprietors is large, the State should have authority to 

 undertake the management of the forest. There should also be 

 power of expropriation, if the desired object cannot be reahsed in 

 any other way, but the final decision, whether expropriation is to 

 be carried out, should rest with the law courts. The compensa- 

 tion to be given should at least be equal to the market value of the 

 property ; in some cases a certain percentage over and above such 

 value is indicated. The compensation may be paid in cash, or 

 other land may be offered. 



6. Forest Policy of the State. 



Forestry is an industry based upon the productive power of 

 the soil, which satisfies certain requirements of a country. 

 This industry differs from others, and especially from agriculture, 

 chiefly by the long time required for the maturing of the produce ; 

 hence, continuity of action extending over a long period of time 

 is an essential condition of successful forestry. A country 

 requires a sustained annual supply of forest produce, for which, 

 in the case of timber, a regular succession of age gradations, or 

 age classes, is essential, whether they are mixed with each other 

 or separated on different areas. In the latter case, especially, an 

 area of some extent is required which is, in the majority of cases, 



