THE IMPORTANT PRODUCTS OF THE FORESTS. 133 



chiefly used in Northern India, as well as the pods ; Odina 

 Wodier, Cutch, the extract of the heartwood of Acacia Catechu, 

 is used for tanning and as a dying material. 



Essential oils are obtained from sandalwood {Santalum album), 

 Eucalyptus oil from plantations estabHshed in the Nilgiris, the 

 important Rosha oil from the grass Cymbopogon Martini ; lemon 

 grass oil from Cymbopogon citratus ; Saussurea Lappa jaelds the 

 valuable costus oil ; Gaultheria fragrantissima yields " winter- 

 green," as first foimd by Puran Singh, Chemical Adviser at the 

 Forest Research Institute at Dehra Doon ; from winter-green 

 natural salicyUc acid and natural sodium salicylate can easily be 

 prepared. 



Oleo-resins. — The pine tapped for its oleo-resin is Pinus longi- 

 folia, and the process has now developed into a big industry, the 

 annual out-turn having of late been 2,400 tons of rosin and 

 156,000 gallons of turpentine. Only 100,000 acres have, so far, 

 been tapped, so that the industry is capable of considerable 

 extension. Boswellia serrata yields a gum-oleo-resin, which it 

 is intended to take up shortly. The Dipterocarps of Burma yield 

 the " wood-oil " of that province, used for the manufacture of 

 torches, for oiling soap and caulking boats ; it has been suggested 

 as a solvent for caoutchouc. The oleo-resin derived from Mela- 

 norrhcea usitata is used in Burma for lacquer work ; many 

 enquiries have been received as to the development of the industry. 



Gums are produced by a large number of Indian trees, but only 

 a limited number give gums of commercial value. That obtained 

 from Acacia arabica, the " babul " tree, resembles gum arable ; 

 it is collected in large quantities in India. 



An important astringent gum is obtained from Pterocarpus 

 Marsupium, known as gum " kino." Anogeissus latifolia, the 

 " dhaura " tree, gives a gum used extensively for sizing paper and 

 in calico printing. The gum obtained from Bauhinia retusa is 

 collected in considerable quantities in the outer Himalayas and 

 used for medicinal purposes. The gum from Odina Wodier is 

 used in fixing whitewash, sizing paper and in medicine. Coch- 

 lospermum gum is used by shoemakers, in medicine, and as a 

 substitute for other gums. Buchanania latifolia yields large 

 quantities of gum, which deserves further attention. The gums 

 of Gardenia lucida and gummifera are used in cutaneous diseases. 



