THE FORESTS OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 197 



(5) The White Spruce {Picea alba) is said to be fairly abundant, 

 but is not specially mentioned as being utilized for pulp purposes. 



(6) The Tamarach {Larix americana) thrives in certain areas. 

 It is reported to be used for schooner construction and for the 

 flooring of buildings. 



Of broad-leaved trees the following may be mentioned, some of 

 them being used for pulp : — 



(7) The White or Paper Birch {Betula papyrifera) grows to a 

 good height and gives a light, strong, tough and close-grained 

 wood. 



(8) The Yellow Birch {Betula lutea) gives a close-grained, satiny 

 timber used in the manufacture of furniture. 



(9) The Cherry Birch {Betula lento) yields a heavy, strong and 

 hard wood used for furniture. 



(10) The Sv^ar Maple {Acer sacharum) is found in southern 

 Newfoundland ; it gives not only sugar but also a splendid timber 

 with a curled and contorted grain, known as bird's-eye maple, 

 used for cabinet work. 



(11) The Black Ash {Fraxinus sambucifolia) grows to a large 

 size in swamps and along the banks of rivers in southern New- 

 foundland ; its timber is coarse-grained but durable. 



(12) The American Elm {Uhnus americana) is present in the 

 island as a large tree ; it yields a heavy timber. 



(13) The Balsam Poplar and the Aspen yield light timber, 

 which may be used for pulp purposes. 



Spruce and balsam fir, with a small percentage of white pine, 

 constitute the bulk of the utiUzable timber of the country. The 

 spruce and fir grow very thickly, but not to a large size. It is 

 stated that it does not pay to undertake logging operations of the 

 scattered white pine and larger spruce and fir for lumber purposes 

 as a separate operation, and that, apart from local requirements, 

 the lumber industry for export should be combined with the 

 simultaneous development of the pulp and paper industry, for 

 which the spruce and fir are eminently suitable, water power 

 being available for conversion. 



3. Relationship of the State to the Forests. 



Legislation. — Forest fire protection is carried out under the 

 authority of Acts passed in 1905 and 1911. Under the former the 



