TYPES OF FOREST GROWTH. 207 



(1) Forest. — Vegetation of the woodland type occupies a very- 

 small portion of South Africa. It occurs in the Knysna and 

 Humansdorp districts of the Cape, also elsewhere in smaller areas. 

 These forests are generally confined to the kloofs, steep valleys 

 and flanks of the mountains facing the sea. They are mostly 

 evergreen, the principal species being : The Yellowwoods {Podo- 

 carpus Thunbergii, elongata and falcata) ; the Sneezewood 

 {Ptaeroxylon utile) ; the Stinkwood {Ocotea bullata) ; the Black 

 Ironwood {Olea laurifolia) ; Lemonwood {Xymalos monospora) ; 

 the White Ironwood {Toddalia lanceolata) ; Candle wood [Pteroce- 

 lastrus variabilis) ; the Assegai Wood {Curtisia faginea) ; White 

 Pear {Apodytes dimidiata) ; the SafEron [ElcBodendron croceum) ; 

 Wild Elder {Nuxia floribunda) ; the Cape Box {Buxus Mac- 

 Owani), and many others. 



There are also a considerable number of shrubs between the 

 trees. Lianes and epiphytes are plentiful. In the forests near 

 Clanwilliam the Clanwilliam Cypress ( Widdringtonia juniperoides) 

 (Callitris arborea) occurs. 



(2) Scrub. — It is a marked feature of the south-western coast 

 region of the Cape. The leaves of the plants are, as a rule, small 

 and leathery. The dominant shrubs and plants belong to the 

 Proteacece, Ericacew, Restionacece, Thymelceacece, PencBocecBf 

 GrubbiacecB, Rutacece, BrunniacecB and Ficoidece. 



(3) Bushveld. — This woodland vegetation occurs in the extreme 

 north-west corner of the Union territory, and also on a much 

 larger scale in the north-east. It generally bears a parkUke 

 appearance. The prominent trees in the western part are 

 Acacia albida, A. Karroo, A. giraffce, Combretum primigenum, 

 Euclea pseudebenus, Tamarix austroafricana, and Ziziphus mucro- 

 natus. The southern edge of the Transvaal bushveld is composed 

 of Acacias, Combretum veld, Rhus lancea and Faurea saligna. 

 Further north appear Parinarium 7nobola, Pterocarpus eritiaceus, 

 Zyzygium cordatum, Kigelia pinnata and Trichilia emetica. Along 

 the northern boundary of the Transvaal Baobab {Adansonia 

 digitata). Acacia pollens , Combretum par phyrolepis and Bolusanthus 

 speciosus are plentiful. 



(4) Palm veld. — This woodland vegetation comprises a narrow 

 littoral strip extending from East London to the northern limit of 

 the Union. Its characteristic is the presence of palms, such as 



