' THE MALAY PENINSULA. 283 



also consulted by tlie Federated States either directly or through 

 his subordinates ; he has at present no jurisdiction in the Un- 

 federated States. Each State is in charge of a Deputy Conserva- 

 tor, who is responsible to the Conservator in technical matters ; 

 otherwise he is subordinate to the Resident of the State. 



Recruitment and Trainmg. — The superior staff has, in the past, 

 been recruited in a variety of ways, but chiefly from Coopers Hill 

 and Oxford. In future it is proposed to a})point as Assistant 

 Conservators only men who have received a thorough training in 

 Europe ; Extra Assistants will be recruited from Dehra Dun, or 

 given a local training. The subordinate staii is recruited locally. 



Research. — A considerable amount of systematic botanical work 

 has been done ; also measurements for statistical work have been 

 commenced. A herbarium has been started. In 1918 a quahfied 

 Research Officer was appointed, and since then the study of 

 commercial timbers has made good progress. 



Income and Expenditure. — The following figures represent the 

 averages of the years 1915 to 1919 in pounds sterling : — • 



Revenue, £. Expenditure, £. Surplus, £. 



Straits Settlements . 3,927 . . 3,814 . . 113 



Federated States . 110,754 ' . . 68,251 . . 42,503 



Total . . 114,681 .. 72,065 .. 42,616 



The forests of the Straits Settlements are not likely to prove 

 remunerative for some time to come. Little is at present known 

 ■ as to the potentialities of the forests of the Unfederated States. 



7. Private Activity. 



There are about 2,000,000 acres of privately planted and owned 

 plantations of Para rubber, and the planting of gutta-percha has 

 also commenced. The difficulty of obtaining fuel for the mines 

 • and rubber factories is causmg some concern, but no effort has yet 

 been made to meet the situation by the raising of firewood crops. 



8. Inx'rement and Utilization. 



It is impossible to give any reliable estimate of the increment. 

 The mangrove swamps may produce about 75 cubic feet per acre 

 and year. The inland forests might perhaps produce 25 cubic 

 feet per acre and year of serviceable material. It is estimated 



