726 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 



From this group we pass to the lower forms of the LophiodontidcB which ap- 

 pear as contemporaries of the PheiiacodontidcB. This fact in itself points to a 

 greater antiquity of the Eocene fauna than the Wasatch or lower Eocene epoch. 



Fig. 6. 



Diagram of left posterior foot of Phenacodus yinncews . About one-half natural size. 



The sudden appearance of a fauna comparatively high in the scale of organiza- 

 tion without announcement in the preceding formation, as is the case with the 

 present, materially affects the belief in gradual transitions. But when we stop to 

 consider that the earliest known appearance of the Mammalia, is in the Triassic 

 rocks, and that in two intervening formations, Cretaceous and Laramie, not a 

 single bone of a Mammal has yet been found, we may confidently look to 

 future discovery for a complete removal of this seeming inconsistency. 



\To be Continue d^ 



EUROPE BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF MAN. 



BY JOHN FISKE. 



The most interesting feature of Eocene Europe was the peculiar character 

 of its mammalian fauna. At first we find marsupials, and carnivora with marsu- 

 pial affinities, showing that the order of carnivora was then only beginning to be 

 evolved. Afterward came such creatures as the anchitherium, the ancestor of the 

 horse, in general aspect somewhere between the Shetland pony and a pig, and 

 with three separate hoofs on each foot. There were also the anoploihe.ria, or 

 common ancestral forms of antelopes and deer, as yet without horns or antlers. 

 The highest order of mammals, the Primates, — including man, ape, and lemur, 

 — was then represented by the adapis of the Paris basin, the necrolemur of south- 

 ern France, and the ccznopithecus of Switzerland. Now none of these Eocene 

 primates answered to any living genus of lemur, though the lemurs are the least 

 specialized of primates now existing ; but all these Eocene primates showed signs 

 of relationship, in one way or another, to the hoofed quadrupeds living at that- 

 time, which, as we must not forget, were only on the way toward becoming 

 hoofed quadrupeds such as we know. Cousinship, however remote, between 



