732 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 



extent. While the climate of Pleistocene Europe thus came to be similar to that 

 of modern Greenland, parallel phenomena were occurring all over the northern 

 hemisphere. The continent of North America was deeply swathed in ice as far 

 south as the latitude of Philadelphia, while glaciers descended into North Caro- 

 lina. The valleys of the Rocky Mountains supported enormous glaciers, and 

 the same was the case in Asia with the Himalayas. It was during these recur- 

 rent periods of arctic cold that the reindeer and musk sheep found their way to 

 the south of France, while over land-bridges at Gibraltar and Malta the leopard 

 and elephant retreated to Africa. In the intervals between these glacial periods, 

 when the climate became milder than it is at the present day, the arctic mammals 

 traveled northward again, while the lion returned to chase the bison and elk in 

 the forests of Yorkshire. 



As the result of these prolonged and repeated climatic vicissitudes, and of 

 the complicated migrations entailed by them, many of the Pliocene mammals still 

 living in Europe at that time have become extinct, — such as the gigantic beaver, 

 the cave-bear, the sabre-tooth lion, five species of deer, three species of elephant, 

 and two of rhinoceros. One race of men — known as the *' men of the river drift " 

 — had taken up their abode in Europe when these great changes were beginning, 

 and struggled with the extremes of climate like their enemies, the bears and hyaenas. 

 The discovery of flint knives has abundantly proved that man was living near the site 

 of London before the big-nosed rhinoceros had become extinct, and before the 

 arrival of the musk-sheep and the marmot in the valley of the Thames heralded 

 the slow approach of the northern ice-sheet. But the fact that human remains of 

 a date even more remote than this have also been found in Portugal and Cali- 

 fornia shows, as I have said already, that man was then no new-comer upon the 

 face of the earth, but must certainly have been in existence for many thousands 

 of years, though as yet we are unable to assign either his primeval habitat or the 

 precise epoch of his first appearance. 



This "man of the river-drift" seems to have become extinct during the 

 Pleistocene period, like the great mammalia above mentioned ; and his place was 

 supphed by a hardier race from the north, — the so-called "cave-men," of whom 

 the modern Esquimaux have been thought to be a surviving remnant. Of the 

 Arrival of Man in Europe, and of the probable antiquity of this era of recurrent 

 ice-sheets, at the beginning of which he made his appearance in Gaul and Britain, 

 I shall have something to say in another paper. — Atlantic Monthly.. 



FOSSIL MEN AND THEIR MODERN REPRESENTATIVES 



Under the foregoing title. Principal J. W. Dawson has pubhshed, through 

 Dawson Brothers, of Montreal, an "Attempt to illustrate the characters and con- 

 dition of prehistoric men in Europe, by those of the American Races." In this 

 volume we have really two books, upon entirely different subjects. What we 

 may call book first is a parallel between the ancient town of Hochelaga, discov-- 



