TOPOGRAPHY OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN 33 



tion as Cunningham. Joessel' gives the same position for 

 the heart but differs as to the location of the orifices. He 

 places the tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic orifices lower 

 than they, but the mitral as high or higher than found in 

 this case. Hermann and Ruedel' project the heart at a 

 higher level upon the ribs of the anterior wall of the tho- 

 rax, but in their table of levels place it lower upon the ver- 

 tebral column than found here. The valves are lower and 

 the planes of the tricuspid and mitral are more oblique in 

 their subject. Henke" and Toldt' also place the heart at a 

 lower level. Deaver' and Merker locate it at nearly the 

 same level as found here, but place the orifices dififerently. 

 Deaver finds them lower and Merkel higher than here. 

 Both however place the tricuspid orifice in a more oblique 

 position with more of it to the right of the midplane than 

 shown in Plate XXVHI. The heart in this subject is 

 more horizontally placed with its valves more vertical than 

 in any of the cases referred to above. The arch of the 

 aorta is also higher than is given in any of the above 

 works. The fact that the apex of the heart seems to be 

 high would lead one to think that the apical portion has 

 been raised, thus making the inferior border nearly hor- 

 izontal and rotating the valve areas into a more vertical di- 

 rection. The lower part of the margin of the tricuspid 



^Joessel, G., Lehrbuch der topographisch-chirurgischen anatomic. 

 Bonn, 1899. 



* Loc. cit. 



' Henke, W., Construction der lage des herzens in der leiche. 

 Tiibingen, 1S83. 



8 Toldt, C, Anatomischer atlas. 2 Aufl. Berlin und Wien, 1900. 



'Deaver, J. B., Surgical anatomy. Piiiladelpiiia, 1899-1903. 



8 Merkel. F., Handbuch der topographischen anatomie. Braunsch- 

 weig, 1SS5-1899. 

 3 



