2 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES 



Pirogoff,^ a Russian surgeon and anatomist, reinvented 

 the method of frozen sections and used it very extensively. 

 His work, in five large volumes, contains over 200 figures 

 of sections through various parts of the body, illustrating 

 both normal and pathological conditions. 



Braune,* a German anatomist, used the method of 

 frozen sections in his study of topographic anatomy. While 

 his atlas is less extensive than that of PirogofT it is far more 

 accurate and his colored lithographic plates are (to this day) 

 the best reproduction of sections through the human body. 



I have not given the names of all of the workers along 

 this line but have only indicated the main steps in the de- 

 velopment of the use of sections in the study of topographic 

 anatomy. Even though this method has been in use for 

 several centuries it was not until recently that any marked 

 advance was made. Each worker, when he first began the 

 use of sections, expressed surprise at the great difiference 

 between the impressions obtained from the ordinary 

 methods of study and those obtained from a study of sec- 

 tions. Yet many of these workers disregarded the results 

 to be derived from the study of their sections and held to 

 their ideas derived from other sources. In some instances 

 the reproductions of the sections show wide deviations from 

 the statements in the text. 



It was not until Henke° suggested the construction, 



3 Pirogoff, Nicolas, Anatome topographica sectionibus per corpus 

 humanum congelatum Iriplici directione ductis illustrata. Petropoli, 

 1852-9. 



* Braune, W.,Topographisch-anatomischer atlas. Nach durchschnit- 

 ten an gefrorenen cadavern. 3 Aufl. Leipzig, i885-S. 



' Henke, W., Construction der lage des iierzens in der leiche aus 

 einer serie von horizontalschnitten. TUbingen, 1883. 



