1888.] 



DR. H. GADOW ON THE REMIGES OF BIROS. 



661 



Group B. — With 10 distinct, functional primaries. Tiie 10th is 

 always considerably shortened and, as a rule, hardly reaches to 

 one third towards the tip of the wing, rarely halfway towards 

 the tip, as in the Corvidse. 



A small llth quill is frequently present, but almost invariably 

 hidden between its upper covert and the 10th primary. "Where 

 the 1 1th quill is absent, its covert is not always present. This 

 indicates a further reduction of the quills in comparison with 

 the wing of the non-oscinine Passeres. 



To this group belongs the majority of the so-called Oscines decem- 

 pennatse, which correspond with Wallace's series of Typical or 

 Turdoid Passeres. 



