328 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
mammals. They are usually barren of vegetation and are covered with angular 
cherty fragments, that roll under the feet, making travel dangerous and difficult. 
I forgot to mention beds of unios that are found in this formation, I discovered 
in one place where a bed of lignite had burned out, baking and coloring the under 
and overlying clays : the rock resembled the red stone from the pipestone quarries 
of Minnesota. The beds of the Judith River have been studied and their strati- 
graphy made out by the famous U. S. Geologist, Prof. F. V. Hayden. While col- 
lecting here a great many years ago, he was chased by some Blackfeet Indians, 
his collections turned out, and he was ordered to leave the country, which he 
did. He fortunately had a few teeth and turtle shells in his pocket which the 
Indians had not destroyed : they were studied by Dr. Joseph Leidy, the father of 
American palseontology, and were prophetic of the rich store that lay in wait for 
the successful explorer who braving the dangers from Indians, should explore 
and collect in this terra incognita: the accomplishment of this feat is due to Prof. 
E. D. Cope. He reasoned when the country was astonished by the news of 
the fearful slaughter of Custer and his brave 7th Calvary, that all the able-bodied 
warriors would be south fighting the soldiers, and their squaws and little ones 
would be secreted in the mountains. He thought we would be able to explore 
the country and return when the Indians, under Sitting Bull, were driven north 
by the troops. His reasons were good and in proof we were so fortunate as to add 
forty new species of strange animal life to science. They belonged to the extinct 
Dinosaurians, great land animals that partake of the characteristics of birds, reptiles 
and mammals. In fact some comparative anatomists claim that these three great 
families owe their descent to the Dinosaurians. Their bones were hollow and 
bird-like. The species we discovered walked on their hind limbs, which were 
large and pillar-like; a heavy tail helped support their ponderous weight while 
feeding from the branches of trees; their front limbs were arm-like and were pro- 
vided with claws. 
The plant eaters were provided with three rows of teeth in each jaw, thus 
giving a large grinding surface : under each old tooth was a hollow cylinder con- 
taining five young teeth, which were pushed upwards: as fast as a tooth was worn 
out another took its place. These huge animals reached a height of over twenty 
feet, their enemies, the flesh-eaters, were smaller and provided with powerful 
claws, and long recurved teeth with serrated edges: there was a single row in 
each jaw, they were elegantly built, and well adapted for springing on the clumsy 
plant-eaters. The waters abounded in sharks, gars, etc., among fishes; also 
batrachians and turtles: these last had elegantly sculptured shells composed of 
ridges, grooves, punctures, and elevations, made with mathematical precision. 
Great numbers of unios and other fresh water shells abounded. 
I discovered a new species of the shark family: the teeth were six-sided with 
a line down the long axis of the grinding surface, on one side of which was black 
enamel with white on the other. They were arranged in the roof and floor of 
the mouth like bricks in a pavement, and were used as a mill for grinding up 
food. 
