EARL Y MAN IN AMERICA. 349 
preparing the half raw meal of flesh, it may be of reindeer, mammoth, or rhinoce- 
ros, while the children broke the silence of the evening with their shouts on 
those very spots where are now to be heard, day and night, the voices of London 
and Paris. 
Nor can there be much doubt as to the relation of the river-drift hunter to 
the above mentioned changes in climate and geography, which are usually 
summed up under the term Glacial. The balance of evidence is in favor of the 
view that the hunter at Crayford was in the valley of the Thames before the sub- 
mergence, and before the temperature had reached its minimum, or in other 
words, in Preglacial times. The river-drift hunter whose implements are left at 
Abbeville traversed the shore of a berg-laden sea, and possibly may have inher- 
ited a tradition from his ancestors of the famous hunting-grounds then lying at the 
bottom of the British Channel and the great Northern Ocean. The hunter who 
followed the hippopotamus and the reindeer in the valley of the Ouse, near Bed- 
ford, was there after the re-elevation of the land and the cutting of the valley 
through the mantle of boulder clay which had been dropped from the melting 
bergs. He probably went far enough northward to see the glaciers then crown- 
ing the Pennine chain and the mountainous regions of Wales. 
Southward, the river-drift man wandered far and wide over France, hunting 
the same animals in the valleys of the Rhone, Loire, and Garonne as in the Val- 
ley of the Thames. In the Iberian Peninsula he was a contemporary of the 
African elephant, the mammoth, and the straight-tusked elephant, and he camped 
in the neighborhood both of Lisbon and Madrid, showing here, as in France and 
Britain, singular facility in choosing places, which became, in the long ages which 
were to follow, the sites of great capitals. He also ranged over Italy, leaving 
his implements behind in the Abruzzo ; and in Greece, in the neighborhood of 
Corinth, he was familiar with the extinct pigmy hippopotamus. We can also 
track him south of the Mediterranean by the implements found in Oran, and 
near Kolea in Algeria, in the Sahara, and in several places in Egypt. At Luxor, 
they have been discovered by General Pitt Rivers in the breccia, out of which 
are hewn the tombs of the Egyptian kings. In Palestine, they have been obtained 
by the Abbe Richard between Mount Tabor and the Sea of Tiberias, and by Mr. 
Stopes between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Throughout this wide area the im- 
plements are of the' same rude type, and generally of the same materials, flint or 
quartzite, those of Luxor and Palestine being identical with those in the river 
valleys of Britain and of France. Throughout this area, too, the river-drift man 
hunted some or other of those animals which we have mentioned above. 
Nor is our survey yet ended. He is proved by many discoveries to have 
ranged over the Indian peninsula, from the valley of the Nerbudda in the north 
as far as Madras. Here we find him forming part of a fauna in which are to be 
numbered species now living in India, such as the Indian rhinoceros and the 
arnee, as well as extinct types of oxen and elephants. There were two extinct 
hippopotami in the rivers, as well as living gavials, turtles, and tortoises. It is 
plain, therefore, that at this time the higher mammals of India stood in the same 
