750 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
of sandstone were madi '^v dressing the outside to the shape of a cast-iron kettle, 
such as are used for sugppv e. soap making, after which the block of stone was ex- 
cavated, often leaving the sio, s^flile more than an inch in thickness in a speci- 
men twenty inches or two feet in diameter. These mortars varied in size from a 
few inches to thirty inches in diameter, and were used in triturating acorns, etc., 
for food. The pestles were made of the same material and varied in length from 
five to thirty inches. They were made with much care, gradually sloping from 
the base to the smaller end, where there was often left a raised bead or knob, and 
sometimes two or three. Ollas or cooking vessels were carved out of crystahzed 
talc and would hold from one to six or eight gallons. They were sometimes 
globular in shape and again bell- or pear-shaped, the sides thin and the mouth 
surrounded with a raised bead or ornamented with chevrons, or both. Some of 
these were as perfect as if turned in a lathe. Tortilla stones were made of the 
same material. They would average about seven or eight inches in length and 
width, but were in the shape of a keystone, and about one mch in thickness. A 
hole was drilled in the smaller end for handling them when hot. They were 
heated in the fire, and the dough being rolled thin was rapidly baked. Some 
who have eaten tortillas pronounce them very good. 
But the most beautiful specimens are those made from serpentine. Cups, 
bowls, pipes, and many ornaments were made from this mineral. The cups and 
bowls were from about two to twelve inches in diameter, variously shaped, and 
sometimes with handles similar to the old fashioned skillet. Some of these de- 
scribed a perfect circle and were finely polished. The pipes were cone-shaped, 
varying in length from two to twelve inches. A bone mouth-piece was inserted 
in the smaller end and it was bmoked cigar fashion. The ornaments were various 
but usually pendants. Most of the serpentines used contained seams of chryso- 
lite, and when polished were very handsome. Some of the finest arrow heads 
and spear-points I have ever seen were found in the burial places. They were 
manufactured from white and black chert, japper, chalcedony and obsidian. I 
found one spear point manufactured from dark brown chert but one inch in 
width and over twelve inches long, very accurately made in every particular. 
Many most delicately finished arrow-heads with double barbs and indeed, a great 
variety of shapes have been found on the mainland and on the islands, which 
were probably used as ornaments in the hair and on different parts of the body. 
The wearing of them in the hair is referred to by Cabrillo. 
In a burial place on the Santa Ynez River I exhumed some two hundred 
skeletons in a radius of about fifteen feet. With these occurred twenty-eight 
sandstone mortars holding from about two quarts to more than two bushels ; forty- 
four pestles from a few inches to more than two feet in length, made of sandstone, 
polished and ornamented. They exhibited a great variety of finish, no two be- 
ing exactly similar at the smaller end. There also occurred twenty ollas manu- 
factured from steatite or crystalized talc, which were used for cooking vessels. 
They would hold from one to five or six gallons. This burial place yielded forty- 
lour cups or bowls made principally from serpentine. I also found twenty-six 
