388 MR. TI. AVALLIS KEW ON THE 



however, in a feature of prime importance : both are destitute of 

 intromittent organs of copulation. 



Fertilization is effected in both by means of a spermatophore. 



This structure in the Chelifer is large and somewhat compli- 

 cated ; in the Chernes relatively small and merely filiform. 



Correlated with the differences in equipment and in the 

 spermatophore are considerable diiferences in the pairing. 



There is agreement, however, as follows. The male and female 

 face one another in walking position. The male grasps with one 

 or both hands one or both hands of the female. There is a forced 

 courtship, during which the male makes display of definite 

 character. At length he extrudes the spermatophore, which is 

 attached to the floor in front of the female, where it stands erect 

 or obliquely. From this object the male retires backwards, and 

 the female at the same moment comes forwards. The movement is 

 just sufiicient to bring the female genital opening into contact 

 with the spermatophore, and the male product is thus received 

 without delay. 



The dift'erences may thus be stated. The Chelifer male holds 

 the female with both hands ; and makes display with the ram's- 

 horn organs. He releases the hands previously to the extrusion of 

 the spermatophore. When the female comes forwaixl, he seizes 

 lier by the genital opening with the legs of the first pair, and then 

 executes a series of pulling movements by which presumably the 

 reception of the male product is facilitated. The animals now 

 separate ; and it is unlikely that the process is repea,ted, except 

 perhaps at long intervals. The Chernes male holds the female 

 with one hand only. He makes his display with the other hand 

 and with the legs of the first pair. He does not release the 

 female previously to the extrusion of the spermatophore, but 

 continues to hold her by the hand throughout. When the female 

 reaches the spermatophore, she takes the male product quickly 

 and retires backwards. There is no seizing of the genital opening 

 by the male. As the female retires, however, the male quickly 

 follows; and there is a period of repose; after which the whole 

 process is repeated. Moreover, it is repeated, with similar periods 

 of repose, many times; and a large number of spermatophores 

 are thus produced and received in rather quick succession. 



By way of conclusion it may be recalled that the genus 

 Chelifer s.l. comprises, in addition to the subgenera Chelifer s.s. 

 and Chernes, two o^heva, Atemnus and Withiios : all distinguished 

 by remarkable diflFerences in the sexual equipment of the males — 

 even within the subgenera there are striking divergences in the 

 secondary characters ; a,nd these facts, in view of the differences 

 above noted, certainly lead one to expect great variations in the 

 pairing processes. A review of the males of the whole Order, 

 moreover, sei'ves greatly to increase this expectation — one may 

 refer for instance to the complete dissimilarity in the genita,! 

 areas of Ohisium and Chihonius — -so that there is here undoubtedly 



