PURPOSE AND INTELLIGENCE IN THE FORAMINIFERA. 1069 
November 24, 1914. 
Prof. E. A. Mincurn, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, 
in the Chair, 
Mr. E. T. Newron, F.R.S., F.Z.S., exhibited a series of bones 
of animals showing indications of natural repair, and a number 
of teeth of a female Sperm-Whale (Physeter macrocephalus). 
Purpose and Intelligence in the Foraminifera. 
Messrs. KE. Herron-Auuen, F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Arraur 
Bartanp, F.R.M.S., discussed the Phenomena of “ Purpose ” 
and ‘‘ Intelligence ” exhibited by the Arenaceous Foraminifera 
in the construction of their tests. They observed that W. B. 
Carpenter had stated in 1885 that the highest development of 
function and behaviour of protoplasm in the Protozoa was to be 
found in the study of the Foraminifera, and they exhibited slides 
of porcellanous and hyaline species, calling attention to the fact 
that of two groups of the same Zoological Order, constructed of 
the same simple protoplasmic element and living under similar 
conditions, one group secretes calcium carbonate and the other 
strontium sulphate from the same sample of sea-water, for the 
construction of their shells. 
The behaviour of many species of Arenaceous Foraminifera in 
constructing their tests reveals a development of “ purpose” 
amounting to what in the Metazoa would be termed “ intelli- 
gence.” his display of intelligence and purpose takes two forms: 
(i) The exclusive selection of certain materials out of a prepon- 
derating mass of other and more readily utilizable materials; and 
(ii) the manner in which those materials are used. This latter 
is subdivided under two heads—(a) to meet the requirements of 
the organism in adapting itself to environmental circumstances, 
and (6) to protect itself against the attacks of parasitic worms 
and other enemies. 
Lantern-slides were shown, and the actual specimens exhibited 
under microscopes upon the table, to illustrate the following 
phenomena :—1, The selection of magnetite by Haplophragmium 
agglutinans and of topaz and garnet by Vernewilina polystropha, 
for the construction and decoration (?) of their tests. 2. The 
utilization of foraminiferal shells by certain abyssal worms, and 
the method employed by Pectinaria auricoma in “ laying” frag- 
ments of sponge-spicules of even length in the construction of 
its tube. 38. Psammosphera parva Flint, which builds a mono- 
thalamous shell of sand-grains round a long sponge-spicule, 
which is used as a “catamaran” spar to buoy it up upon the 
bottom ooze. 4. Psammosphera bowmani WHeron-Allen & 
Earland, which constructs its shell of flakes of mica cemented 
