270 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIKNCE. 



4. With crests and ridges, distinct or anastomizing : Llacus- 



tris^ Tuckermani^ and riparia, 



5. The confluent crests form a regular net-work; /. EngeU 



manni. 



The microspores are nrimute bodies of an ash-gray or a dusky 

 color (dark gray in /. pygmaa^ Bolanderi and melanopoda^ 

 deep brown In Z melanospora^ Butleri and NuttalUi) and of 

 a somewhat triangular-oblong shape, nearly straight on one 

 and curved on the two other edges, more than half as wide as 

 they are long, between 0.020 and 0.040 milhmeters in the long- 

 est diameter. Their surface Is smooth or minutely papillose or 

 spinulose, the edges smooth or somewhat cristate. Their size 

 furnishes good characters, but the condition of the surface much 

 less so. They ought to be examined under water and with a 



400 



§ 3. Biological Characters. 



After the maturity of the spores the leaves wither or rot away, 

 the sporangia decay and set the spores free, which scatter near 

 the base of the plant, often being retained between the matted 

 roots.* The cellular mass of the macrospores developes into a 

 protJialhiS^ which bursts the spore-case through the opening of 

 three valves which correspond to the three upper faces of the 

 spore, and forms an archegonium, which is fertilized on coming 

 in contact with the zoospores emitted from the microspores, and 

 thus gives rise to the young plantlet whenever moisture and tem- 

 perature favor this process. 



The germination of the late-maturing water-species probably 

 takes place in the succeeding spring, at least in the more north- 

 ern localities; in our land- and marsh-species it maybe observed 

 soon after their maturity in summer or in early autumn. 



I have studied the whole process In /*. Engelmanni^ which I 

 kept in cultivation for several years. At the end of July the 

 spores were perfectly mature and the leaves were coming off. 

 On the 2Sth of that month I spread out both kinds of spores on 

 a muddy surface and kept them slightly covered with water, and 



♦ It is therefore proper to examine among the roots for spores whenever none can be 

 found on tlie plant; one or the other may be discovered there and help out the diagnosis 

 which otherwise may rest in obscurity. 



