ON BRYOZOA FROM FRANZ-JOSEF LAND. 43: 
Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the Jackson- 
Harmsworth Expedition, 1896-1897. By Arraur Witt 
Waters, F.L.S. 
[Read 15th March, 1900. | 
(PLatEs 7-12.) 
CHILOSTOMATA. 
THE Arctic Bryozoa from various localities have been well 
studied, having received attention from several leading workers, 
including Smitt, Busk, Hincks, Lorenz, Vigelius, &. That they 
should have been so thoroughly examined is no doubt accounted 
for by the fact that, when any important expedition returns, 
specialists are found to work up all the material collected under 
trying circumstances, while collections from less accessible 
places are put aside without description. 
The question arises what should be considered Arctic, for 
the Arctic circle forms but an artificial zoological division, and 
it would be simpler to include in “ Arctic” everything within 
the isothermal line of 32° F. (0° C.). This brings in practically 
the whole of Greenland, Davis Straits, Labrador, and Iceland. 
The Gulf of St. Lawrence is not included ; but as many Bryozoa 
have been described from there, and seeing that many of them 
occur in Arctic regions, they must be compared. If we were to 
take the winter isotherm, the Gulf of St. Lawrence would be 
included in a line passing through the south of Greenland, and 
by the island of Jan Mayen. 
A small collection of 19 species, brought by Leigh Smith from 
Franz-Josef Land, was described by Ridley °. 
The most important works for determining the northern 
Bryozoa are Smitt’s series © of valuable papers published in the 
Proceedings of the Swedish Academy; and when examining 
Arctic forms we appreciate the thoroughness of his labours, 
although now attention is paid to several characters which 
were not then used, and material progress has been made 
in classification. Besides his papers on the Scandinavian 
forms, he published a descriptive list ® of 58 species collected by 
1 « Polyzoa, Coelenterata, and Sponges of Franz-Josef Land,’ Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 442, pl. xxi. 
2 F. A. Smitt. “ Krit. Forteck. ofver Skand. Hafs-Bryozoer,” Mifversigt af 
K, Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1865-1871 (referred to as “ Krit. Fért.”). 
3 Gifversigt K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1878, p. 11. 
