OF TJIE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. i> 



The Papillary Border (text-fig. 1 C, b). 

 The narrow papillary border has fungiform and conical 

 papillae, the latter belonging to the filiform and cylindrical 

 groups. They are arranged in lines passing from without in- 

 wards. The fungiform papillae are small and most numerous 

 beneath the apex of the tongue. 



The Frenuin Linguce (text-fig. 1 0, d). 



The frenum is short and thick. It runs from the upper 

 surface of the sublingual fold to the under surface of the tongue 

 from the posterior end of the median ventral sulcus backwards. 



No lytta is present in the interior of the tongue. 



When the apex is examined histologically, no Apical Gland of 

 Nuhn is seen. In this connection it agrees with the Gorilla and 

 Gibbons, and differs from Man and the Orang-Outan. 



There is only a narrow groove between the base of the tongue 

 and the epiglottis (text-fig. 1 B, A). 



Genus Gorilla. 

 The Gorilla (G. gorilla). 



The literature containing details of the structure of the 

 tongue of the Gorilla is not so large as that dealing with the 

 tongue of the Chimpanzee, but the papers are more complete. 

 Ehlers (23), Bischoff (7), and Duvernoy (22) have written 

 accounts of the adult tongue, and Deniker (17) has described 

 the foetal tongue very fully, but he has said little about the 

 adult form. Boulart and Pilliet [21 have not mentioned the 

 Gorilla in their study of the lateral organs of the Mammalia. 

 The specimen which I examined (No. J. 358.1, Mus. R.C.S.) 

 exhibits features which have not been mentioned by these 

 authors, or are different from the conditions described by them. 



The tongue has not such a great disproportion between its 

 length and width as that of the Chimpanzee. It is comparatively 

 broad, and in this connection I agree with Bischoff (7), and 

 differ from Duvernoy (22) who said it is narrow. The whole 

 organ appears rectangular. It slopes gently from the vallate 

 papillary region to the apex, and more steeply from the vallate 

 region to the epiglottis ; it differs, therefore, from the tongue of 

 the Chimpanzee. 



The apex is square-cut, has no mesial notch, and bears conical 

 and fungiform papilla? which are thickly clustered ; the latter are 

 not so prominent as in the Chimpanzee, but are more marked 

 than in the Orang-Outan. 



The lateral bordershiWQ large and medium-sized fungiform and 

 conical papilla? arranged in vertical lines, and they are fissured by 

 numerous sulci prolonged on to them from the dorsum. At 

 their posterior extremities one sees the outer ends of the fissures 

 and lamina? of the lateral organs. In this respect the tongue 

 agrees with that of the Orang-Outan, and differs from those of 



