I DR. C. F. S0NNTAG ON THE ANATOMY 



the Gibbons. I have referred to nearly thirty papers, and in no 

 case did I find a complete account of any of the Simian tongues. 

 Even Deniker's paper. on the tongue of the Gorilla, which is 

 the best, is incomplete, for it deals mainly with the tongue in the 

 foetus and says little about its condition in the adult. 



For the purpose of the present communication I have 

 examined both fresh and preserved specimens in the Society's 

 Prosectorium and in the Museum of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons, the specimens from the latter being indicated by 

 the words Mus. R.C.S. Of all the tongues examined only the 

 measurements of fresh specimens are given, for the dimensions 

 of preserved ones are worthless. I am indebted to Professor 

 Arthur Keith for permission to examine some of the tongues 

 described in this and future papers. 



Genus Anthropopithecus. 



The Chimpanzee (A. troglodytes). 



Of the three tongues examined one was fresh, one had been 

 preserved in the Society's Prosectorium, and one (ISTo. J. 359.1) 

 Avas preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. 

 These are described respectively as specimens one, two, and 

 three. The fresh specimen was a male from Landana, S.W. 

 Africa. 



Several writers have stated that Traill first described the 

 tongue of the Chimpanzee in 1821, but Traill's paper is entitled 

 " The Description of an Orang-Outan " (206). He certainly 

 described an arrangement of the vallate papillae which closely 

 resembles that of the Chimpanzee, but he expressly mentions 

 the tongue as being that of an Orang*. 



My fresh specimen has the following measurements: — Total 

 length 9'1 cm.; length from the apex to the antero-median 

 vallate papilla 6'1 cm. ; length from that papilla to the epi- 

 glottis 3 cm. ; width between the lingual attachments of the 

 anterior faucial pillars 4 - 5 cm. ; width of the apex 3 cm. ; 

 thickness in the region of the antero-median vallate papilla 

 3*5 cm. ; thickness of the apex "3 cm. 



The tongue is long and comparatively narrow, and its width 

 does not decrease greatly fiom base to apex. Cunningham (118) 

 is the only author who points out that its elongated form is due 

 to the shape of the mouth. He also shows how the tongues of 

 the Chimpanzee and Gibbons differ more from that of Man in 

 the disproportion between length and breadth than does the 

 tongue of the Orang-Outan. 



The antero-median vallate papilla stands a short distance 

 behind the summit of an elevation whence the dorsum slopes 

 towards base and apex, but the declivity is greater in the latter 

 direction (text-fig. 1 B, d). In this connection the Chimpanzee 



* Flower states that Traill really described a Chimpanzee from the Gaboon, 



