110 MR. K. ANDERSEN OX BATS [May 16, 



eqitinum, three eastern {nip2yort, tragatns, regulus), and three 

 western (proximus, the typical form, and ohscurus). They are 

 sxifficiently diflerentiated to need technical names, hut in no 

 I'espect — in the external characters, in the skull, in the dentition- — 

 is there a sharp "hard-and-fast" line between them: — 



In the exti-eme east (S. China and Japan) we find a Bat {^mpp)on) 

 of moderate size and with i-ather small teeth ; the dentition, too, 

 Inis i-emained on a rather primitive stage of develoi:)ment ; but the 

 horse-shoe and nasal swellings ai-e very broad. (Some of these 

 peculiarities, viz. the broad horse-shoe and nasal swellings, are 

 preserved in the Central Himalayan tragatus, but the general size 

 of the animal is increased, the skull and teeth very large, the 

 dentition more highly developed. This latter chai-actei- reaches a 

 climax in the next form, regulus, from the ]Sr.A\^. Himalayas, but 

 at the same time the horse-shoe and nasal swellings are markedly 

 narrower ; in this respect regulus evidently shows tendencies 

 towards the western races, as also might be expected from its 

 habita,t. — These three Bats constitute what I call the '• eastern " 

 races of ferrum-equimnn. The geographical line separating them 

 fi'om the western races must be drawn somewhere between Masuri 

 and Gilgit, at the boi'der between the Oriental and Palasarctic 

 Regions. East of that line the individuals are generally larger, 

 with broader horse-shoe ; the lateral mental grooves not rarely 

 fully developed; the tail on an average only 1^^ the length of the 

 lower leg. 



Passing from Masuri (still reguhis) to Gilgit, on the extreme 

 north-western, " Palajarctic " side of the Himalayas, we find a 

 form (proxionus) with small and slender skull, narrower horse- 

 shoe and nasal-swellings ; which give it a decidedly " western " 

 aspect, and contrast it with its eastern neighbour, regulus ; 

 bxit it has retained the somewhat shorter tail characteristic 

 of the eastern races. The typical form has got rid also of this 

 reminiscence, but, as a. matter of fact, also in this race now 

 and then, though rarely, individuals occur which "fall back" to 

 the shorter-tailed eastern stage. The typical foim leads to the 

 generally smallei', extreme south-Avestern race {ohscurus : Sjiain, 

 Algeria). 



A closer study of these i-aces, as compared with the Ethiopian 

 Rh. augur and Rh. decheni, will throw some light on the past 

 history of i\\e ferrum-equinurii type (see the " General Remarks" 

 on the simplex group, below, p. 118), 



14 rt. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum xippox Temm. 



RMnolophus nipjwn Temminck, Mon. Mamm. ii. 8*" monogr. 

 (1835) p. 'SO a; Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica (1842), 

 p. 14, pi. iii. figs. 1, 2 ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berhn, 1871, p. 312. 



Rhinoloj)hus fe^^rum-equimim (partim) Dobson, Cat. Chii-. 

 Brit. Mus. (1878) p. 119. 



Diagnosis. Size moderate, horse-shoe very broad. Skull small, 

 but with rather broad nasal swellings; tooth-iows very shoi't. 



