1905.] AXATOMY OF LIMICOLIXE BIRDS. 165 



proximal portion is well marked in tScolopax, Himaniopus, 

 Gallinago, Rhi/nchcea, Vauellits, C/iaradrius, Thinocorus, and 

 Glareola, but it disappears before reaching the elbow. It is 

 absent in Chiouis. 



Ilio-tihialis intemus sen sartorius. — This muscle is practically 

 identical in all the birds on my list. It ai-ises from the anterior 

 edge and a narrow portion of the anterior dorsal extremity of 

 the ilium, and has the usual insertion to the fascife over the 

 knee-capsule. In most cases, it shows little sign of fusion with 

 the anterior edge of the ilio-tibialis. 



Ilio-iihiaUs. — In all these birds this muscle is large, the post- 

 acetabular portion having a strong fleshy origin, whereas the 

 anterior portion is more membranous. 



Ilio-trochanterici posterior^ anterior et medms. — These muscles 

 are all present in typical form in these birds, except that in 

 Thinocorus, CEdicnemus, and Hi/drophasianus the anterior and 

 medius are nearly fused, showing only a trace of separation at 

 their tendon of insertion to the femur, 



IliO'trochantericus externus. — This variable muscle is present 

 in all these birds, but is extremely small in Thinocorus. 



Ambiens. — This important muscle is present in all the birds 

 on my list, and, in the normal fashion, ends in a tendon which 

 passes through the capsule of the knee-joint and is reinforced 

 (except in Chionis) by a ligament from the head of the fibula, 

 finally forming one of the heads of origin of the muscle complex 

 which gives rise to the perforated flexors of the second, third, and 

 fourth digits. 



Femori-tihkdes seu Criirceus and Vastus. — These muscles are 

 alike in all the birds on my list, corresponding almost exactly 

 with the condition I found in Gruiform birds (7), with the 

 exception that in Thinocoms the femoro-tibialis externus is not 

 developed as a separate slip. 



Caud-ilio-femoralis {Femoro-caudal and accessory F.-c.) (text- 

 fig. 28, p. 166). — The condition of these muscles, to which the 

 researches of Clarrod, Forbes, and Beddard have given special 

 importance, difiers in Q^dicnemus from that found in the others. 

 In CEdicnemus, as in Otis and many Gruiform birds, the portion 

 with a caudal origin (" femoi-o-caudal " of Garrod) is totally absent ; 

 the portion arising from the ilium ('"accessory femoro-caudal" of 

 Garrod) is present and has the usual relations, but displays a 

 considerable tendinous area in the middle of its muscular belly — 

 an obvious sign of degenei'ation, to which I have already called 

 attention (7). 



The condition in Chionis (text-fig. 28, p. 166) is more generalised. 

 Both muscles are present, the caudal portion (GAUD. IL. F. 2) 

 displaying a fairly large rounded belly, which tapers to the tendon 

 of origin which is inserted to the femur just distad of the in- 

 sertion of the iliac poi-tion. The iliac portion (GAUD. IL. F. 1) 

 has a fan-shaped oi-igin from the ilium, displaying on its proximal 

 border a well-marked ai^ea of tendinous degeneration (X), and is 



