1901.] ANATOMY OP CO&IA BBEVICEPS. 119 



Opposite the entrance to the cardiac chamber, the mucous mem- 

 brane is thrown into a few powerful longitudinal folds, two of 

 which are more prominent than the rest, about one inch in height, 

 and delimit the groove that leads to the paunch. Below the point 

 there are 10 well marked ridges, which radiate from the groove, 

 along the wall of the paunch ; some reach almost to the hinder end, 

 others die out half-way along. In addition to these longitudinal 

 folds, a few irregular ones originate from them and pass in a 

 transverse direction. 



The mucous membrane (Pi. X. fig. 12) is in the paunch distinctly 

 yellow ; it is marked by irregularly arranged, straight, narrow, and 

 shallow furrows, appearing as lines crossing one another at 

 various angles, but i;here is nothing approaching the labyrinthine 

 character seen in the oesophagus. 



Sections show that the epithelium is stratified ; but it is much 

 thicker than in the oesophagus, and more closely resembles the 

 epidermis of a mammal than the epidermis of part of the gut. In 

 fact, it is from the character of this epithelium that this region is 

 recognized as being part of the oesophagus, and not part of the true 

 stomach. 



The epithelium consists of very well marked stratum mal- 

 pighii and st. corneum, of about equal depth. The lowermost 

 nuclei of the st. malpighii are oval, closely set, with the long axis 

 vertical to the plane of the surface ; the others are rounder, till 

 immediately below the st. corneum the nuclei undergo sudden 

 degeneration, and are represented by small, horizontal, and almost 

 linear groups of deeply stained granules ; two to four rows of 

 such cells exist, evidently the st. granulosum. There is a very 

 sharp line between them and the overlying st. corneum, which is 

 coloured yellow (m the sections that were stained on the slide in 

 Delafield's haematoxyliu) except the outermost margin, which is 

 faintly purple ; the whole stratum is distinctly " lamellate," with 

 small linear groups of ref ringent, unstained granules interspersed 

 here and there between the lamellae. 



The free surface is slightly irregular, the cells appear to be 

 dropping away, and are somewhat swollen. 



In short the lining of the paunch is a typical epidermis. 



The mucous membrane of the cardiac chamber (PI. X, fig. 13) is 

 pinkish, even in the preserved stomach ; it is thrown into more 

 or less pronounced and irregular folds, and the surface is furrowed, 

 marking out rounded gyri of larger size than those of the oesoph- 

 agus. Towards the hiuder end the membrane is smoother. A few 

 stray ridges start from the cardidc orifice, but soon die down, giving 

 rise to the above-mentioned irregular folds. In sections, the 

 epithelium is seen to be typically " gastric ; " it is many times 

 thicker than that of the paunch, and consists of closely-set, long, 

 tubular and branched " peptic glands." The cells at the surface 

 had macerated off, but in the deeper parts of the glands they, 

 though displaced, remain ; and the two kinds of cells — " chief " or 

 " central" and oxyatic or parietal — are recognizable. 



