1901.] THE MUSCLES OP THE UNGULATA. 659 







EHiiiily Elbphantid.e. 



72. 

 73. 



74. 



Elephas 



■<■> 



5i 



iadicus. 



Anderson (XXVII.). 



Mayer (XXVIII.). 



Miall & Greenwood (KXIX.). 



75. 



76. 

 77. 



5i 

 ?5 



5? 



Watson (XXX.). 

 Young (XXXI.). 

 Cuvier & Laurillard (I.). 



78. 



5J 



africanus. 



E.C.S. Museum. 



79. 



)) 



indicus. 



Paterson & Dun (unpublished). 



Panniculus carnosus. — The dorso-humeral part of the pauniculus 

 is well developed in all Ungulates except the Tapir, but is not so 

 clearly separated from the abdoinino-humeralis as is the case in 

 many other orders of Mammals ; indeed, the latter muscle is often 

 only indifferently represented. 



The posterior attachments of the dorso-humeralis are from the 

 fascia over the buttocks and outer side of the thigh as well as from 

 the mid-line of the lumbar and thoracic regions of the back, and 

 the fibres ruu downward and forward to be partly inserted into the 

 spine of the scapula and the fascia near it, and partly with the 

 latissimus dorsi tendon into the humerus, Iielpiug to form a fleshy 

 floor to the axilla. 



The abdomino-humeralis, as we have said, tends to blend with 

 the last muscle posteriorly, though it may, as in the case of the 

 Elephant (77), be attached down the front of the thigh as far as 

 the knee ; its anterior attachment is to the mid-ventral line partly 

 superficial and partly deep to the pectoral mass. From the records 

 of Cuvier and Laurillard (I.), Miall and Greenwood (XXIX.), and 

 Anderson (XXVII.), we believe that the abdomino-humeralis must 

 be better developed in the Elephantidae than it is in other families, 

 although it was very well marked in our specimen of Hyrax. 



It is important to state here that we have no knowledge of the 

 condition of the panniculus in the Ehinoceros or Hippopotamus, 

 or it would have been interesting to have noticed whether the thick 

 skin of their backs is coincident with small size of the dorso- 

 humeralis, as in the case of the Tapir. 



The Equidse are I'emarkable for a vertical bundle of pannicular 

 fibres situated over the shoulder, which is doubtless of value, by its 

 twitching, in driviug off flies from this region. It is present both 

 iu the Horse (59) and Ass (61). 



In male animals, especially of the Bovidae, Tragulidye, and 

 Cervidae families, some portions of the ventral pauniculus are 

 modified for moving the prepuce. 



In the neck-region of Ungulates the platysma is ahvajs present, 

 but it seems to reach its maximum in the Suidse. In our specimen 

 of the Peccary (1 4) there were three distinct sheets — one from the 

 deep fascia covering the mid-line of the dorsum of the neck as far 

 back as the first thoracic spine and curving round the base of the 

 ear, another thin sheet from the fascia over the scapula, and a 

 third, thicker oue from the shoulder-region lower down. 



