PARMELIA | PARMELIACE® 143 
rhizinose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in size, dark- 
umber-brown, the margin entire or subentire; spores 11-19 p 
long, 7-10 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 pro parte & in 
Grevillea x. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122 pro parte; ed. 3, 
p- 114 pro parte. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis levibus Dill. 
Hist. Muse. p. 182, t. 24, fig. 77 a (1741). Lichen olivaceus 
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1143 (1753). 
A northern species found in the British Isles only in N. Scotland. 
Lichen olivaceus and Parmelia olivacea of earlier British authors 
refer to other species. It may be readily recognized by the wrinkled 
thallus. 
Hab. On the trunks of trees, birch and alder, in wooded upland 
districts.— Dist. Local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland.— 
B. M. Banks of the Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 
32. P. exasperata Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865).— 
Thallus orbicular or spreading irregularly, closely appressed, 
lobate, more or less thickly sprinkled with minute roundish 
papille with an opening above (breathing pores), olive: brown, 
the lobes variable, generally obliterated towards the centre, 
sometimes pinnatifid, rounded and crenate at the circumference ; 
beneath somewhat paler and rhizinose to the edge (K=, CaCI_). 
Apothecia generally moderate in size, or rather large, up to nearly 
1 cm. across, brownish-red, the margin raised, and generally 
thickly papillose with breathing pores; spores 9-12 y» long, 7— 
10 » thick.—Cromb. in Journ, Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 572 (1880). 
P. olivacea 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 438 (1821) (non Ach.) ; 
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 200; Tay). 
in Mackay Fl. Hib. i. p. 143; Mudd Man. p. 99 pro parte; 
subsp. exasperata Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 396 (1860) ; Cromb. Lich. 
Brit. p. 35; var. exasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 123 (1871) ; 
ed. 3, p. 115. Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, pullum Dill. 
in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 60 (1724). Lichenoides olivaceum, 
scutellis amplioribus verrucosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 184, t. 24, 
fig. 78 (1741). Lichen olivaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446 (1762) 
(non L.); Lightf. Fl. Scot. u. p. 819 pro parte; With. Arr. 
ed. 3, iv. p. 35; Engl. Bot. t. 2180. Collema exasperatum Ach. 
Lich. Univ. p. 645 (1810). 
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 327; Leight. nos. 263, 356; 
Mudd n. 72. 
resembles P. fuliginosa var. letevirens in colour and habit, but is 
well distinguished by the constantly papillose thallus—not isidiose— 
and in the absence of thalline reactions. The spermogones are 
immersed in the thallus, towards the circumference of the thalline 
lobes; they are globose and extremely minute, measuring 25 » to 35 w 
in diameter ; the spermatia are somewhat fusiform, 8-10 long, about 
1 » thick. 
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts. 
—Distr. General and common in the S. and W. counties of Great 
