ye ve. 
CETRARIA | PARMELIACEX 159 
fronds, sometimes lacunose, almost hollow, intricately and irregu- 
larly much branched, chestnut- or dark-brown, the branches 
divergent, forked, more or less spinulose. Apothecia rare in 
Britain, rather small, lateral or subterminal, concolorous, the 
margin spinulose-denticulate ; spores small, 5-9 p long, 3~4 p 
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97 
(f. typica); ed. 3, p. 92 (f. typica). Lichenoides non tubulosum 
ramosissimum fruticuli specie, rufo-nigrescens Dill. in Ray Syn. 
ed. 3, p. 66, n. 10 pro parte (1724). Coralloides fruticuli specie 
fuscum spinosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 112 pro parte (1741). Lichen 
aculeatus Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 125 (1771). L. islandicus y Huds. 
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539 (1778).  Cornicularia aculeata Ach. 
Meth. Lich. p. 302 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 405; 
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 228; Tayl. in 
Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 86 ; Mudd Man. p. 77 (incl. var. ¢xlocaula) ; 
var. celocaula Flot. ex Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 8 (1855). 
Exsice. Croall n. 198; Johns. n. 60; Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 8 ; 
Leight. n. 3; Mudd n. 50. 
A distinct though somewhat variable species, the branches are 
round, or compressed more especially at the axils. It always grows 
in interlaced clumps. The spermogones, which are rare, are seated in 
the tips of the spines ; the spermatia measure 4 » long and 1 y» thick. 
Hab. On the ground in sandy and gravelly places among grasses 
and heath of moorland in upland localities.—Distr. Fairly common 
on heathlands, etc., throughout the British Isles—B. M. Quenvais, 
Jersey; Dartmoor, Devon; Studland, Dorset; Lyndhurst Common, 
Hants; near Chelmsford, Essex ; Thetford Warren, Suffolk; Malvern 
Hills and Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest 
and Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; 
Nant Ffrancon, Carnarvonshire; Llaniestyn, Anglesea; near Over, 
Cheshire ; Farndale and Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Gates- 
head, Durham; Kilhope Law and West Allen Carrs, Northumberland ; 
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; 
Glen Lochay, Birnam Hill and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Baldovan 
Woods, Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Aberdeen- 
shire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Culbin, Elginshire. 
Form hispida Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 218 (1894).—Thallus 
smaller, more slender and intricate, densely cwspitose, the 
crowded branches more or less spinulose, generally darker in 
colour than the species. Apothecia numerous, dilated, the disc 
lighter-coloured than the thallus.—Var. hispida Cromb. in Journ. 
Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 561 (1880). C. aculeata var. muricata 
Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 80 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; 
form muricata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98; ed. 3, p. 93. Coralloides 
fruticuli specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 112, t. 17, 
fig. 31a (1741). Lichen hispidus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 883 
(1777); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Engl. Bot. t. 452. L. muri- 
catus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 214 (1798). Cornicularia 
spadicea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 301 (1803). C. aculeata var. 
spadicea Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 69 (1821). 
