RAMALINA] USNEACE 165 
compressed and strap-shaped or narrow and almost cylindrical, 
attached by a basal sheath or by penetrating hyphe ; structure 
radiate, the medulla generally of loose hyph, the gelatinous 
cortex formed of shortly branched thick-walled coalescing 
hyphe, growing in a direction vertical to the long axis of the 
thallus ; inner cortex of longitudinal strengthening hyphe in a 
ring or as separate strands, which are rarely absent ; soralia not 
infrequent ; air-pores occurring as breaks in the thallus. Algal 
cells Protococcus. Apothecia terminal or lateral, sometimes on 
the angle of bent fronds (geniculate), marginate ; hypothecium 
colourless ; paraphyses simple, concrete; spores 8 in the ascus, 
ellipsoid, colourless, l-septate, straight or slightly curved. 
Thallus corticolous, without soredia. 
1. R. calicaris Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 30 (1831) pro parte (incl. 
f. canaliculata) ; emend. Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, 
iv. p. 131 (1870).—Thallus erect, compressed, the fronds narrow 
or sometimes rather broader, often longitudinally lacunose and 
canaliculate, pale glaucous- or greyish-green (medulla K —). 
Apothecia subpedicellate, marginal, generally rather crowded 
near the tips of the frond, frequently on a bent angle (geniculate), 
small or moderate in size, the disc pale flesh-coloured or greenish, 
the receptacle wrinkled below ; spores ellipsoid, straight, 10-16 p. 
long, 5-7 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 72 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. 
Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 92 (incl. f. canaliculata, 
excl. ff. farinacea and thrausta); ed. 3, p. 83. R. fastigiata var. 
calicaris Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 297 (1814); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 
p. 68; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 85. Lichenoides arboreum 
ramosum, angustioribus cinereo-virentibus ramulis Dill. in Ray 
Syn. ed. 3, p. 75 n. 81 (1724). Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum 
et canaliculatum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 170, t. 25, fig. 62 a (1741). 
Lichen calicaris L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753) pro parte; Huds. FI. 
Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 834 pro parte ; 
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 pro parte. L. fastigiatus Sm. Engl. 
Bot. t. 890 (upper fig.) (1801) (non Pers.). Lobaria calicaris 
Hoffm. Deutsch]. FI. ii. p. 139 (1795) pro parte. 
Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 21; Johns. n. 16; Mudd n. 44. 
Lichen calicaris L. is a mixture and referable partly to the 
above, partly to R. stliquosa. Established custom has restricted it 
to corticolous forms. It is distinguished by the arboreal habit and 
the rather narrow channelled thallus. The fronds vary in height and 
in branching; short crowded narrow outgrowths arise at right angles 
to the main frond on some specimens. Spermogones are fairly 
common, with minute spermatia 3-4 » long, 1 »w thick. The 
strengthening tissue forms a ring within the cortex, and here and 
there projects into the medulla; the cortex is formed of irregular 
branching thick-walled cells which pass out at right angles to the 
longitudinal axis. The alge lie in groups. 
