RAMALINA| USNEACER 167 
longifolium rugosum rigidum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 165, t. 22, 
fig. 59 a, B (1741). Lichen fraxineus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753) ; 
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 835 ; 
With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 56; Engl. Bot. t. 1781. 
Ezxsice. Croall n. 495; Bohl. n. 21 pro parte; Dicks. Hort. 
Sice. fasc. xii. n. 24; Johns. n. 17; Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 5 ; 
Leight. n. 38 pro parte; Mudd n. 42. 
A variable species in the length and width of the fronds. On the 
wider lacinie the apothecia tend to become superficial on both surfaces, 
more especially on the better-lighted portions. The outer cortex is 
composed of thick-walled confused hyphe; the strengthening hyphx 
occur in irregular strands. There are longitudinally ellipsoid breaks 
in the thallus of this species which function as breathing-pores. 
Hab. On trees in open places or in forests in lowland and upland 
districts.— Distr. General and fairly common throughout the British 
Isles.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; New Forest, Hants; Brading 
Downs and Bembridge, I. of Wight; Amberley, Shoreham and near 
Glynde, Sussex; Epping Forest and Ulting, Essex; Cirencester, 
Gloucestershire ; Harboro Magna, Warwickshire; Clungunford and 
near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, 
Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland; near 
Berwick-on-Tweed; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Moffat, 
Dumfriesshire ; Roslin and near Edinburgh, Midlothian; Barcaldine 
and near Oban, Argyll; Blair Athole, Perthshire; Reeky Linn, 
Baldovan Woods and Rossie Moor, Forfarshire; Countesswells 
Wood, Invereauld, Craig Coinnoch and Glen Clunie, Braemar, Aber- 
deenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Killarney, Kerry. 
Var. ampliata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 603 (1810).—Lacinize 
very broadly developed, tapering or blunt at the tips, longitu- 
dinally and transversely nerved and wrinkled.—Cromb. in 
Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879) (incl. f. monophylla) ; form ampliata 
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473; ed. 3, p. 86. Lichenoides longi- 
folium rugosum rigidum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 165, t. 22, fig. 59 ¢ 
(1741). Parmelia fraxinea var. ampliata Ach. Meth. p. 259 (1803). 
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 21 pro parte; Johns. n. 18; Larb, Lich. Hb 
n, 286; Leight. n. 38. 
Connected with the species by intermediate forms, though well- 
marked in extreme specimens. The apothecia are usually abundant 
and sometimes very large. 
Hab. On old trees, chiefly oak and ash, in wooded upland districts. 
— Distr. Rather local and not plentiful in the British Isles.—B. M. 
Dartmoor, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Amberley, Sussex; Epping 
Forest, Essex; Bartonbury, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicester- 
shire; Alfric, Worcestershire ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth and 
Aberdovey, Merioneth ; Island of Anglesea; near Willington, Cheshire ; 
Darley, Derbyshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; East Allendale, 
Northumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Blair Athole, 
Perthshire; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Fort Augustus, 
Invernessshire. 
Var. calcariformis Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, iv. 
p. 136 (1870).—Laciniz long and rather narrow, attenuate 
