180 CYCLOCARPINEE [USNEA 
entangled, verrucose and sparingly fibrillose, pale greenish-grey 
or yellowish. Apothecia rare, moderate in size or rather large, 
concolorous, sometimes pruinose, the margins with long cilia ; 
spores 7—9 p» long, 5-7 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 403 
(incl. var. comosa?); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. 
p. 226. U. ceratina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 619 (1810); Cromb. in 
Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 554 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 205 (inel. 
var. scabrosa pro parte). U. barbata var. plicata Fr. Lich. Eur. 
p. 18 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 pro 
parte ; f. plicata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85 (1871); ed. 3, p. 76 pro 
parte ; var. ceratina Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 505 (1840) ; 
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 232 (1872); f. ceratina Leight. Lich. 
Fl. p. 85 (1871); ed. 3, p. 77. U. scabrata Nyl. in Flora Iviii. 
p. 103 (1875). U. comosa Stirt. (? Ach.) & U. nitida Stirt. in 
Scott. Nat. vi. p. 294 (1882)? U. dasypoga var. scabrata Cromb. 
in Grevillea xv. p. 48 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 205. Muscus 
arboreus: Usnea officinarum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 64, n. 1 
(1724). Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis Dill. Hist. Muse. 
p. 56, t. 11, fig. 1 (1741). Lichen plicatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1154 
(1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 889; 
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50; Engl. Bot. t. 257? 
Exsicc. Johns. n. 20; Leight. n. 1 pro parte; Mudd 
nos. 34, 36. 
U. plicata is synonymous with U. ceratina and includes forms 
partly upright and others entirely pendulous. It is characterized 
chiefly by the long frequently entangled branches and branchlets 
which soon begin to hang down, and by the fewer and more scattered 
fibrils than in the previous species. The annular breaks in the cortex 
and the coarsely verrucose character of the thallus though generally 
evident are not sufficiently or obviously typical, hence the varying 
and conflicting descriptions of this plant. 
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, occasionally on rocks. 
—Distr. General and somewhat common throughout Great Britain. 
—B. M. Annets Island, Scilly ; Roughton and Boconnoe, Cornwall ; 
Ivy Bridge, Arton, Lydford, near Totnes, near Becky Falls and 
Hunter’s Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; I. of Wight ; Woodeote Wood and 
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ardingly and Bexhill, Sussex; 
Lydd, Kent; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Haughmond Hill, Shrop- 
shire; Nannau, near Dolgelly and Harlech, Merioneth ; Hafod, 
Cardiganshire ; Anglesea; Ayton Moor and Ingleby Park, Cleveland, 
Yorkshire ; Ashgill and Lamplough, Cumberland; New Galloway, 
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyll; Stronachlachan Woods and Ben 
Lawers, Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; 
Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn, Elginshire. 
4, U. barbata Web. in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. p. 91 (1780).— 
Thallus rather slender, pendulous, elongate, branched, scabrous 
with minute verruce, the branches long, divergent, generally with 
short patent crowded fibrils, greenish or pale-greyish. Apothecia 
rare, usually small, pale or flesh-coloured with ciliate margins ; 
