286 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA 
pruinose, becoming very dark, the brown colour only visible when 
moist, the thalline margin prominent, crenulate or subentire ; 
paraphyses as in the species, the epithecium tending to become 
darker and olivaceous-brown; spores as in the species.—L. sub- 
fusca var. atrynea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 395 (1810); Mudd Man. 
p. 147 pro parte; f. atrynea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. 
Lich. Fl. p. 203; ed. 3, p. 187. LL. atrynea Nyl. in Flora lv. 
p. 250 (1872) note ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 414. 
Exsicc. Johns. n. 78. 
Commoner than the species, and very closely allied in the specimens 
with lighter-coloured apothecia. In our specimens they are, however, 
less pruinose, and become very dark. The specimen from Craig 
Tulloch recorded as L. atrynea var. melanocarpa (Cromb. Monogy. i. 
p. 415) is, as far as can be judged from the single small gathering, 
identical both in thallus and apothecia with L. gangaleoides. No 
spores are present, but the paraphyses have the dark greenish tips of 
that species. 
Hab. On rocks, rarely on trees or wood, in maritime and inland 
situations.— Distr. Rather rare in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. 
Shanklin, I. of Wight; Barmouth, Merioneth; Eastham, Cheshire ; 
Buxton, Derbyshire; Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, 
Durham; Killin, Perthshire; Cove, Kincardineshire; Dinish Island, 
Killarney, Kerry. 
Thallus K + yellow, then red. 
31. L. subearnea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 365 (1810).—Thallus 
subdeterminate, with a white hypothallus, thin or thickish 
smooth and cracked-areolate, or in torn-like fragments, yellowish 
white (K + yellow, then deep red). Apothecia prominent, 
scattered or crowded, moderate in size, the disc plane, becoming 
convex, flesh-coloured, rarely brownish-red, more or less whitish- 
or bluish-pruinose, the thalline margin thin, entire, undulate, or 
rarely crenulate, then almost excluded ; paraphyses stoutish, 
septate, irregularly bent and knobbed at the tips, the epithecium 
gvanulose, dark-brown in section ; spores ellipsoid, small, 10-14 » 
long, 5-8 p thick; hymenial gelatine violet-blue with iodine.— 
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216; ed. 3, p. 205 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 422. 
L. glaucoma var. subearnea Mudd Man. p. 153 (1861); Cromb. 
Lich. Brit. p. 50. Lichen subcarneus Swartz ex Westr. in Vet. 
Akad. Handl. 1791, p. 126. L. pallescens With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 21 
(1796) pro parte. Lecidea subcarnea Hook. in Sm, Engl. FI. v. 
p. 184 (1833). 
Differs from the preceding in the flesh-coloured pruinose apothecia, 
and from L. sordida in the lighter coloured thallus. As in L. pre- 
postera, the reaction with potash is not constant. The thallus always 
turns yellow, but the red reaction does not always follow very 
decisively. The spermogones are black, with curved spermatia 20-25 p 
long. 
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Rather 
rare in the Channel Islands, N. England, the Grampians and N.E. 
