296 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA 
also cited by Nylander (Flora lv. p. 250), bears less outward re- 
semblance, as the apothecia are larger, more turgid and more 
persistently light-coloured, though internally it is the same. 
At times the thallus is very dark (f. obscwrior), owing to the 
presence of brown fungal hyphe or of blue-green alge. 
Hab. On old palings and on decorticated stumps, rarely on stems 
of gorse, in maritime and inland wooded regions.—B. M. Ennerdale 
and Ravinglass, Eskdale, Cumberland; Achmore, Kenmore, Glen 
FPalloch, Ben Lawers, Finlarig, Killin, Glen Fender and Pass of 
Killiecrankie, Perthshire ; Glen Lochy, Invernessshire. 
43. L. effusa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 386 (1810).—Thallus effuse, 
granular or subleprose, yellowish-grey or dull-yellow, sometimes 
almost evanescent (K + yellow). Apothecia numerous, rather 
small, the dise plane, often becoming convex, brownish-red, the 
thalline margin thin, becoming subpulverulent or crenulate, 
sometimes excluded ; paraphyses conglutinate, slender, septate, 
sometimes widened upwards and brown at the tips, the epithe- 
cium of reddish-brown granules; spores small, ellipsoid, 8-12 p 
long, 4-7 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Cromb. 
in Grevillea vi. p. 21 (1877) & Monogr. i. p. 441. LL. varia var. 
sarcopis Ach, tom. cit. p.378 ; Mudd Man. p. 150 ; var. apochreea 
Ach. tom. cit. p. 379; subsp. sarcopis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 
(1870). L. sarcopis Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 177 (1814); Leight. 
Lich. Fl. p. 187; ed. 3, p. 174; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 440. 
Lichen effusus Pers. ex Hoffm. Deutschl. FI. ii. p. 174 (1795). 
Parmelia sarcopis Wahl. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 40 (1803). 
Rinodina effusa 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 451 (1821). R. apochraa 
S. F. Gray tom. cit. p. 452? (? Ach.). 
Exsice. Cromb. n. 161. 
The apothecia are generally numerous and crowded, the dises are 
somewhat similar in colour to those of the L. swbfusca group, but the 
different thallus and habitat and the smaller apothecia of L. effusa at 
once distinguish it. The two species, L. effusa and L. sarcopis, 
differ only in the thallus, it being more developed in the latter, 
evidently a growth condition, and not distinguishable even as a 
variety. 
Hab. On old palings, rarely on decorticated stumps of trees.— 
Distr. Rather rare throughout the Channel Islands, England and 
Scotland, not recorded from Ireland.—B. M. Beauport Bay, Jersey ; 
near Penzance, Cornwall; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near 
Lewes, Sussex; Bradon Forest, Somerset; Norton and Kempsey, 
Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; near Ayton and near 
Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, West- 
moreland ; Killin and Glen Lyon, Perthshire ; Glen Dee and Crathie, 
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Morriston, Invernessshire. 
Apothecial margin persistent. 
44. L. piniperda Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p, 81 (1859).—Thallus 
effuse, very thin, arachnoid-leprose, whitish or with a tinge of 
