310 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA 
Exsice. Bohl. n. 10; Croall n. 589; Cromb. n. 69; Johns. 
n. 240; Leight. n. 128; Mudd n. 128. 
A common lichen in upland districts which yields a purple dye 
(cudbear). The thallus which spreads widely and is frequently sterile 
is mostly rather thick and friable. The variety grandinosa Ach., 
with stoutish thalline warts, was founded on a specimen on gorse 
stems from Teesdale; it does not differ from other corticolous speci- 
mens. The apothecia when present are numerous and the dise is 
sometimes proliferous; the entangled paraphyses make a deep epithe- 
cial covering which is interspersed with granules. Specimens with a 
smooth thallus and with contorted apothecia, sometimes in crowded - 
tubercles, were collected by the late W. West in N. and W. Scotland. 
They resemble strongly Pertusaria gyrocheila in thallus and in 
apothecia. Spermogones are abundant, with minute oblong sper- 
matia. 
Hab. On rocks and old trunks of trees, rarely on the ground, 
chiefly in hilly districts—Distr. General and abundant in Great 
Britain and Ireland, rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. Alderney ; 
Lamorna near Penzance, Cornwall; Bolt Head and Dartmoor, Devon ; 
New Forest, Hants; near Sheffield, Sussex; Hemel Hempstead, 
Herts; Clee Hill, Shropshire; Cader Idris and Aberdovey, Merioneth ; 
Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ; Conway Falls, Denbighshire; Highceliff, 
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone and Teesdale, Durham; The 
Cheviots, Northumberland ; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cum- 
berland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ayrshire; Pentland 
Hills and Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh; Kilmun, Ben Cruachan 
and Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Finlarig, Craig Calliach, Ben 
Lawers, Amulree, Craig Vinean and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, 
Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Portlethen and Nigg, Kineardine- 
shire; Crag Coinnoch, Glen Callater, Morrone and Ben-naboord, 
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Glen Nevis, Ben 
Nevis and I. of Harris, Invernessshire ; Forres, Nairnshire ; Applecross, 
Rossshire; Lairg, Sutherland; Ronas Hill, near Lerwick, Shetland ; 
Balta Sound, Unst; Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway; Corraun 
Mts. and Slievemore, Achill, Mayo. > 
Var. gonatodes Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 372 (1810).—Thallus in 
coralloid branches or elevations, or lobate-verrucose. Apothecia 
rare ; spores 36-40 p long, 25-27 p thick (fide Nylander Lich. 
Nov. Zeal. p. 145 (1888) ).—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 70; 
f. gonatodes Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 176 (1879) (excl. ll. cit.). 
Lichen gonatodes Ach, Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 89 (1798). 
An alpine or subarctic lichen, distinguished chiefly by the peculiar 
thallus ; it is rather a growth form or an exaggerated state of the 
following variety. 
Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in alpine situations.— 
B. M. Summits of Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only 
British record). 
Var. frigida Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 372 (1810).—Thallus effuse, 
rather thin, granulate, papillate or coralloid. Apothecia smaller 
than in the species (up to 4 mm. across), the thalline margin 
sometimes proliferous.—Mudd Man. p. 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 
