414 CYCLOCARPINEE ¢ [CLADONIA 
sometimes evanescent; secondary thallus or podetia upright, 
simple or branched, tapering to a point or widening to form a 
shallow cup or scyphus, more or less corticate, pulverulent or 
beset with squamules, tubular and sometimes perforate at the — 
axils or in the scyphi. Apothecia terminal, at first somewhat 
plane or even marginate, becoming convex ; spores 8 in the ascus, 
oblong, simple, colourless. Spermogones usually terminal on the 
podetia, with cylindrical straight or curved acrogenous spermatia. 
Characterized by the well-developed tubular podetia. There are 
three subgenera represented in the British Isles :— 
Primary thallus crustaceous or squamulose soon 
evanescent; podetia mostly ascyphous........... i, CLADINA. 
Primary thallus crustaceous, persistent; podetia 
SHCY PROMS. 2. 0.ésslavs eed. selene ease ede ee ii. PYCNOTHELIA. 
Primary thallus squamulose, usually persistent ; 
podetia scyphous or ascyphous..................24. iii. CENOMYCE. 
Subgenus i. Crapina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72 (1871). Cladina 
Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. Forh. n.s. v. p. 110 (1866) ; 
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 173.—Basal thallus granular or minutely 
squamulose, soon disappearing ; podetia perishing at the base, 
with long continued apical growth and without podetial 
squamules. 
The species of Cladina were considered to have no primary thallus, 
and though that has been disproved by careful observations for most 
of the species, the basal granules or squamules disappear very soon. 
The limits of Nylander’s genus have been followed. Wainio and some ~ 
others have excluded Cladonia uncialis and C. amaurocrea, etc. 
(placing them under the subgenus Cenomyce). 
Podetia ascyphous, slender, cylindrical. 
1. C. rangiferina Web. in Wiggers Pxim. Fl. Hols. p. 90 
(1780) pro parte.—Primary thallus of contiguous or scattered 
minute greyish granules soon disappearing ; podetia rising from 
the granules or from fragments of older podetia dying at the 
base but with continued apical growth, usually about 5 to 12 em. 
long, but shorter or sometimes very much longer, usually tomen- 
tose and somewhat scabrid, cylindrical, rather slender, the main 
axis usually about 1°5 mm, thick, with many short branches, often 
dilated and perforate at the axils, the branchlets short, spreading 
or subdeflexed and subsecund, the apices nodding when sterile, 
erect and subcorymbose when fertile, greenish-grey or whitish 
(XK + yellow, CaCl —), Apothecia small, rare; spores oblong- 
fusiform, 10-15 p long, 3°5 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 
p. 415; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 235; Mudd Man. p. 58 
(excl. vars.) & Brit. Clad. p. 24 (incl. £. major, p. 25, excl. other 
forms).  Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie 
candicans Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 66, n. 14 (1724).  Coral- 
